A new, simple, precise, rapid and accurate RP-HPLC method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of cefpodoxime proxetil and clavulanic acid from pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was carried out on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB 5 μ C 18 (150×4.6 mm) column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:50 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 3.0, 70:30 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Detection was carried out at 228 nm. Aspirin was used as an internal standard. The retention time of clavulanic acid, cefpodoxime proxetil and aspirin was 4.43, 6.44 and 5.6 min, respectively. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification and solution stability. The proposed method can be used for the estimation of these drugs in combined dosage forms.

Two simple, sensitive, accurate, rapid, and economical spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of diacerein in Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Method A is based on the reaction of diacerein with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, in the presence of 0.5 N sodium hydroxide solution, giving a pink-colored chromogen, which shows maximum absorbance at 512 nm against reagent blank, while method B is based on the oxidation of diacerein with potassium permanganate in an alkaline medium giving a pink-colored chromogen, which shows maximum absorption at 497.5 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 4 – 20 µg/ml for both methods A and B. Results of the analysis were validated statistically, and by recovery studies.

Though our previous study has showed that pretreatment with Orthosiphon Stamineus methanol extract (OSM) prevents gentamycin induced nephrotoxicity. No report has been documented on the effect of Pretreatment of OSM with Cadmium and Lead. Therefore this study aims to investigating the effect of pretreatment with OSM on Cadmium and Lead induced Nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity was induced in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal administration of Lead Acetate 8mg/kg/day for 21 days and oral administration of Cadmium Chloride 50mg/kg for a single day. Effect of concurrent administration of Orthosiphon Stamineus leaf extract at a dose of 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg/day given by oral route was determined using serum and urinary creatinine and blood urea and Uric acid as indicators of kidney damage. The present work demonstrates that Rat chronically intoxicated with two heavy metals display a pronounced impairment in kidney function which is confirmed by the enhancement of plasma creatinine, urea and uric acid levels, and histopathological alterations. The results of the present work showed that the cortex is more affected than the medulla due to long-term treatment with heavy metals. This could be partly due to uneven distribution of heavy metals in the tissue of the kidney where about 90% of the total renal blood flow enters the cortex via the bloodstream. Orthosiphon Stamineus Leaf extract 200mg/kg normalized the Cadmium Chloride and Lead Acetate induced increases in urine and plasma creatinine, and blood urea levels. It was observed that the Methanol extract of Orthosiphon Stamineus leaves 200mg/kg significantly protects rat kidneys from Cadmium Chloride and Lead Acetate -induced Nephrotoxicity. Orthosiphon Leaves has protective effect on lead and cadmium induced renal toxicity.

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A new series of pyrazolylcoumarins (4a-k) was synthesized by reaction of appropriate dibromochalcones (3a-k) with phenyl hydrazine in ethanol. Structures of all new synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data (UV, IR and 1H NMR). The title compounds were screened for in vivo anti-inflammatory activities at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. Among the 11 prepared compounds, Compounds 4c, d, h and i exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in model of acute inflammation such as carrageenan-induced rat edema paw while compound 4d showed considerable activity in model of chronic inflammation such as adjuvant-induced arthritis along with minimum ulcerogenic index and were compared with diclofenac (13.5 mg/kg b.w.) as a standard drug. Additionally, the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activity. Compound 4k was found to be the most active antioxidant in the series compared with standard vitamin C.