Original photo of a lasagna dish.Output of HueShift2. Output of FlowAbs [Kyprianidis and Döllner 2008].Figure 1: Two techniques studied in this article, each using a different strategy for making surgery images easier to look at. ABSTRACTWe present the first empirical study on using color manipulation and stylization to make surgery images more palatable. While aversion to such images is natural, it limits many people's ability to satisfy their curiosity, educate themselves, and make informed decisions. We selected a diverse set of image processing techniques, and tested them both on surgeons and lay people. While many artistic methods were found unusable by surgeons, edge-preserving image smoothing gave good results both in terms of preserving information (as judged by surgeons) and reducing repulsiveness (as judged by lay people). Color manipulation turned out to be not as effective. CCS CONCEPTS• Computing methodologies → Non-photorealistic rendering; Image processing; • Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in HCI ; * Lonni Besançon is also with Linköping University, Sweden.Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor or affiliate of a national government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.

We present the first empirical study on using colour manipulation and stylization to make surgery images/videos more palatable. While aversion to such material is natural, it limits many people's ability to satisfy their curiosity, educate themselves and make informed decisions. We selected a diverse set of image processing techniques to test them both on surgeons and lay people. While colour manipulation techniques and many artistic methods were found unusable by surgeons, edge‐preserving image smoothing yielded good results both for preserving information (as judged by surgeons) and reducing repulsiveness (as judged by lay people). We then conducted a second set of interview with surgeons to assess whether these methods could also be used on videos and derive good default parameters for information preservation. We provide extensive supplemental material at https://osf.io/4pfes/.

In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) to maintain blood peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) in patients undergoing suspension laryngoscopy under general anesthesia. Adult patients were included in this bicenter study. After face-mask oxygenation, HFNO at a flow rate of 70 L min−1 and fraction of inspired oxygen 100% was initiated at loss of consciousness. At the end of HFNO, blood gas analysis was performed. Of the 29 included patients, five (17.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.6–34.5) presented SpO2 <95% during the first 15 minutes of the procedure and eight patients (27.6%; 95% CI: 14.7–45.7) presented SpO2 <95% throughout the procedure. Six patients (20.7%; 95% CI: 9.8–38.4) required rescue jet ventilation. Median apnea time before SpO2 <95% was 13.5 (interquartile range [IQR]: 10–17.7) minutes. Arterial carbon dioxide tension at the end of the procedure or at the time of study discontinuation was 9.73 (IQR: 8.8–10.9) kPa and was higher than 8 kPa in 88.9% (95% CI: 71.9–96.1) of patients. HFNO was associated with a relatively high incidence of suboptimal oxygen saturation and hypercapnia during suspension laryngoscopy under general anesthesia and may not be considered the reference technique.

Introduction: Cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) is an emerging biomarker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) for disease staging, patients’ recurrence risk stratification and early detection of relapse. We aimed to compare variants identified in ctDNA versus surgical tumor specimen, and to study the evolution of the mutational landscape of ctDNA over time in HNSCC. Patients and Method: Forty-one HNSCC patients treated with curative-intent primary surgery from SCANDARE cohort (NCT03017573) were evaluated for longitudinal ctDNA-based NGS. Overall, 28 patients were treated with adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy, and 31 experienced recurrence. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues at surgery were available for 41 patients. Serial contributive ctDNA were retrieved from all 41 patients at the date of surgery, 36 patients within 19 weeks after surgery, 20 patients at six months after surgery, and 22 patients at recurrence. Tissue DNA was personalized detected with a custom NGS panel of 571 genes (DRAGON) and ctDNA was sequenced using another personalized dedicated NGS panel including up to 15 genes (OncoFOLLOW). Results: Most frequently mutated genes in tissue included TP53 (15.9%), FAT1 (6.7%), NOTCH1 (5.5%) and PIK3CA (4.3%) with similar allelic ratio to ctDNA at baseline surgery. Higher prevalence of KRAS and TP53 mutations was found in ctDNA at recurrence in comparison with ctDNA and tissue, respectively, at baseline surgery (KRAS: 6.3% versus 1.6% and 0.6%; TP53: 31.2% versus 21.1% and 15.9%). Additional variants in NRAS, HRAS, TP53, JAK2 and SDHA were detected in 6 patients in ctDNA at surgery and were not found in tissue, suggesting spatial intratumor heterogeneity. Twenty-three/36 patients (64%) had detected ctDNA within 19 weeks after surgery among whom, 17/23 patients (74%) had disease recurrence. Eleven/20 patients (including 10 with adjuvant treatment) had detected ctDNA at six months after surgery among whom 6 patients (55%) had disease recurrence. Fifteen/22 patients (68%) had detected ctDNA at recurrence. Emerging pathogenic variants were found in patients with detected ctDNA after surgery (n=7/23; 30%), at six months after surgery (n=1/11; 9%) and at recurrence (n=4/15; 27%). Conclusion: Our study suggests spatial and longitudinal tumor heterogeneity and reports emerging mutations in ctDNA over time in HNSCC. Prognostic significance characterization of the ctDNA dominant clone allele frequency is ongoing. Citation Format: Grégoire Marret, Constance Lamy, Sophie Vacher, Mathieu Séné, Ladidi Ahmanache, Laura Courtois, Zakhia El Beiano, Jerzy Klijanienko, Charlotte Martinat, Nicolas Servant, Choumouss Kamoun, Linda Larbi Chérif, Thierry Bronzini, Cédric Balsat, Jean-François Laes, Aubray Prévot, Sébastien Sauvage, Maxime Lienard, Emmanuel Martin, Bérengère Genin, Nathalie Badois, Maria Lesnik, Antoine Dubray-Vautrin, Olivier Choussy, Wahib Ghanem, Rabah Taouachi, Julien Masliah Planchon, Ivan Bièche, Maud Kamal, Christophe Le Tourneau. Spatial and longitudinal tumor heterogeneity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with primary surgery [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3363.