BackgroundAllergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is associated with severe lung damage and requires specific therapeutic management. Repeated imaging is recommended to both diagnose and follow‐up response to treatment of ABPA in CF. However, high risk of cumulative radiation exposure requires evaluation of free‐radiation techniques in the follow‐up of CF patients with ABPA.PurposeTo evaluate whether Fourier decomposition (FD) functional lung MRI can detect response to treatment of ABPA in CF patients.Study TypeRetrospective longitudinal.PopulationTwelve patients (7M, median‐age:14 years) with CF and ABPA with pre‐ and post‐treatment MRI.Field Strength/Sequence2D‐balanced‐steady‐state free‐precession (bSSFP) sequence with FD at 1.5T.AssessmentVentilation‐weighted (V) and perfusion‐weighted (Q) maps were obtained after FD processing of 2D‐coronal bSSFP time‐resolved images acquired before and 3–9 months after treatment. Defects extent was assessed on the functional maps using a qualitative semi‐quantitative score (0 = absence/negligible, 1 = <50%, 2 = >50%). Mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of the ventilation signal‐intensity (VSI) and the perfusion signal‐intensity (QSI) were calculated. Measurements were performed independently by three readers and averaged. Inter‐reader reproducibility of the measurements was assessed. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were performed within 1 week of both MRI studies as markers of the airflow‐limitation severity.Statistical TestsComparisons of medians were performed using the paired Wilcoxon‐test. Reproducibility was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Correlations between MRI and PFT parameters were assessed using the Spearman‐test (rho correlation‐coefficient). A P‐value <0.05 was considered as significant.ResultsDefects extent on both V and Q maps showed a significant reduction after ABPA treatment (4.25 vs. 1.92 for V‐defect‐score and 5 vs. 2.75 for Q‐defect‐score). VSI_mean was significantly increased after treatment (280 vs. 167). Qualitative analyses reproducibility showed an ICC > 0.90, while the ICCs of the quantitative measurements was almost perfect (>0.99). Changes in VSI_cv and QSI_cv before and after treatment correlated inversely with changes of FEV1%p (rho = −0.68 for both).Data ConclusionNon‐contrast‐enhanced FD lung MRI has potential to reproducibly assess response to treatment of ABPA in CF patients and correlates with PFT obstructive parameters.Evidence Level4Technical EfficacyStage 3

Background: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is associated with severe lung damage and requires specific therapeutic management. Repeated imaging is recommended to both diagnose and follow-up the response to treatment of ABPA in CF. Purpose: To evaluate whether Fourier decomposition (FD) functional lung MRI can detect the response to treatment of ABPA in CF patients. Study type: Retrospective longitudinal. Population: A total of 12 CF patients. Field strength/sequence: 2D balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence with Fourier decomposition (FD) at 1.5T scanner. Assessment: Ventilation weighted (V) and perfusion weighted (Q) maps were obtained after FD processing of the 2D coronal bSSFP time resolved images before and after treatment of ABPA. Defects extent was assessed on the functional maps using a visual semi quantitative score. Mean and coefficient of variation (cv) of the ventilation signal intensity (VSI) and the perfusion signal intensity (QSI) were calculated. Measurements were performed independently by two readers and averaged. The reproducibility of the measurements was also assessed. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were performed as markers of the airflow limitation severity. Statistical tests: Comparisons of medians were assessed using paired Wilcoxon test. Reproducibility was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Correlations were assessed using Spearman test. A p value <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Defects extent on both V and Q maps showed a significant reduction after ABPA treatment (p<0.01). VSI_mean was significantly increased after treatment (p<0.01). Visual analyses reproducibility showed an ICC >0.93. ICC of the quantitative measurements was almost perfect (>0.99). VSI_cv and QSI_cv variations correlated inversely with the variation of obstructive parameters of PFTs (rho = -0.68, p=0.01). Data conclusion: Non-contrast enhanced FD lung MRI appears to be able to reproducibly assess response to treatment of ABPA in CF patients and correlates with PFTs obstructive parameters. Keywords: MRI; ABPA; CF; ventilation; perfusion; Fourier decomposition

Background Hybrid devices that combine radiation therapy and MR-imaging have been introduced in the clinical routine for the treatment of lung cancer. This opened up not only possibilities in terms of accurate tumor tracking, dose delivery and adapted treatment planning, but also functional lung imaging. The aim of this study was to show the feasibility of Non-uniform Fourier Decomposition (NuFD) MRI at a 0.35 T MR-Linac as a potential treatment response assessment tool, and propose two signal normalization strategies for enhancing the reproducibility of the results. Methods Ten healthy volunteers (median age 28 ± 8 years, five female, five male) were repeatedly scanned at a 0.35 T MR-Linac using an optimized 2D+t balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence for two coronal slice positions. Image series were acquired in normal free breathing with breaks inside and outside the scanner as well as deep and shallow breathing. Ventilation- and perfusion-weighted maps were generated for each image series using NuFD. For intra-volunteer ventilation map reproducibility, a normalization factor was defined based on the linear correlation of the ventilation signal and diaphragm position of each scan as well as the diaphragm motion amplitude of a reference scan. This allowed for the correction of signal dependency on the diaphragm motion amplitude, which varies with breathing patterns. The second strategy, which can be used for ventilation and perfusion, eliminates the dependency on the signal amplitude by normalizing the ventilation/perfusion maps with the average ventilation/perfusion signal within a selected region-of-interest (ROI). The position and size dependency of this ROI was analyzed. To evaluate the performance of both approaches, the normalized ventilation/perfusion-weighted maps were compared and the deviation of the mean ventilation/perfusion signal from the reference was calculated for each scan. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed to test whether the normalization methods can significantly improve the reproducibility of the ventilation/perfusion maps. Results The ventilation- and perfusion-weighted maps generated with the NuFD algorithm demonstrated a mostly homogenous distribution of signal intensity as expected for healthy volunteers regardless of the breathing maneuver and slice position. Evaluation of the ROI’s size and position dependency showed small differences in the performance. Applying both normalization strategies improved the reproducibility of the ventilation by reducing the median deviation of all scans to 9.1%, 5.7% and 8.6% for the diaphragm-based, the best and worst performing ROI-based normalization, respectively, compared to 29.5% for the non-normalized scans. The significance of this improvement was confirmed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test with $$p\, <\, 0.01$$ p < 0.01 at $$\alpha \, =\, 0.05$$ α = 0.05 . A comparison of the techniques against each other revealed a significant difference in the performance between best ROI-based normalization and worst ROI ($$p\, =\, 0.01$$ p = 0.01 ) and between best ROI-based normalization and scaling factor ($$p\, =\, 0.02$$ p = 0.02 ), but not between scaling factor and worst ROI ($$p\, =\, 0.71$$ p = 0.71 ). Using the ROI-based approach for the perfusion-maps, the uncorrected deviation of 10.2% was reduced to 5.3%, which was shown to be significant ($$p\, <\, 0.01$$ p < 0.01 ). Conclusions Using NuFD for non-contrast enhanced functional lung MRI at a 0.35 T MR-Linac is feasible and produces plausible ventilation- and perfusion-weighted maps for volunteers without history of chronic pulmonary diseases utilizing different breathing patterns. The reproducibility of the results in repeated scans significantly benefits from the introduction of the two normalization strategies, making NuFD a potential candidate for fast and robust early treatment response assessment of lung cancer patients during MR-guided radiotherapy.