ABSTRACT:OBJECTIVE: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent malignant neoplasm in south Asia and a major public health problem in Pakistan due to its high morbidity and poor survival rates. The objective of the study was to describe the clinical pattern of oral squamous cell carcinoma in tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. METHODOLOGY:A cross sectional study was done at tertiary care hospitals of Lahore where demographic and clinical data of eighty nine histologically diagnosed cases of OSCC was studied. RESULTS:Mean age of the patients was 53.13 ±14.82 years and male to female ratio was 1.4:1 with 58.4%males and 41.6% females. Tongue was the most frequently affected site 37.1%followed by buccal mucosa 30.3%. The most common presenting complaint was non healing ulcer 50.6%.Mean duration of lesions at presentation was 5 ± 3.68 months. 66.3% cases reported with history of smoking, chewing tobacco/snuff and betel quid. Smoking was the most prevalent etiological agent accounting for 22.5% cases and was found to be significantly higher in the male population (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Most cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in major hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan are reported in 5th to 6 th decade of life, with male preponderance. Ulceration is the most common clinical manifestation in OSCC patients with about two-third cases reporting within 6 months of onset of lesions. Tongue is the most commonly affected site and smoking tobacco and betel quid chewing are the main risk factors implicated in OSCC.

A 26-year-old male was referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore with chief complaint of painless swelling on the right palate of 40 days duration. Clinical differential diagnosis included squamous cell carcinoma, Ewing sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Computed tomography scan revealed hypodense mass with necrotic changes. Histological examination of the excised tumor revealed malignant neoplasm arranged in fascicles and bundles comprising of spindle cells with pleomorphic, hyperchromatic nuclei and increased atypical mitosis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed negative staining with Cytokeratin, S100, CD34, Stat6, h-Caldesmon and EMA while the tumour cells were positive for desmin, myogenin, smooth muscle actin, CD-99 and MyoD1 thus confirming the diagnosis of spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.3.3305 How to cite this:Iqbal HA, Anjum R, Naseem N. Rare Variant of Adult Rhabdomyosarcoma Presenting as a Palatal Swelling. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(3):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.3.3305 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The aim of study was to observe the expression of MCM2 in dentigerous cyst and ameloblastoma. Introduction: Minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM2) may be a structurally and functionally complicated replication moiety that synergizes with different molecular factors therefore regulate DNA synthesis. MCM proteins play a job in maintaining genomic integrity and stop re-replication once per cell cycle. It's absent from chromatin in quiescent cells however abundant in mitotically active cells so making it a helpful marker for cellular proliferation. Dentigerous cyst (DC) is the commonest biological process odontogenic cyst having high proliferative index that may lead to dysplastic changes and development of tumours. Ameloblastoma is uncommon, benign and regionally aggressive odontogenic neoplasm with high rate of repetition after surgery. Study design: It was a descriptive study and designed to work out the expression of MCM2 in DCs and ameloblastomas. Setting: Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology/ Oral Pathology. Period: Six months. Material and methods: Twenty-five patients presenting with DCs (n=12) and ameloblastomas (n=13) were selected. Clinical and radiographical findings were recorded and biopsies were submitted for histological diagnosis. MCM2 immunopositivity was assessed by immunohistochemistry in four microscopic high power fields showing most range of immunopositive cells. Results: Mean age was 26.5± 11.24 years and 42.07± 9.24 years whereas male to feminine magnitude relation was 7:5 and 7:6 for DCs and ameloblastomas severally. Most of the patients (58.3%) of DCs were asymptomatic whereas 41.6% patients reportable with painful swelling. Comparing, all patients with ameloblastomas conferred with painless swelling. Radiographically, all DCs were unicystic radiolucent lesions. While 46.2% of ameloblastomas were unicystic whereas 53.8% were multicystic radiolucent lesions. Histologically, basal layer atypia was seen in 50% and 23% of DCs and ameloblastomas respectively. High MCM2 immunoreactivity was ascertained within the epithelial lining of the DCs and the neoplastic cells of ameloblastomas. Conclusion: MCM2 expresses the higher proliferation index that might lead to neoplastic development in DCs while local invasive and recurrence potential in ameloblastomas.

<p>Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has been promptly spreading to different countries becoming a global pandemic, to the reports of the World Health Organization (WHO). Sufficient immune responses over whelming the virus in the first or second phase without immune over-reaction can be seen in patients with competent immune functions and no obvious risk factors like old age, co-morbidities, etc. There is high sensitivity and specificity of saliva specimens in detecting respiratory viruses by an automated multiplex molecular assay while comparing with those of nasopharyngeal aspirate. The beneficial role of saliva as a quick and non-invasive diagnostic bio sample has been established.</p>

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