Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the cardinal symptoms of stiffness, resting tremor, slowness (bradykinesia) and reduction of movement (hypokinesia). Involvement of oxidative damage has been reported in the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease and its related complications. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of daidzein to quench the free radicals produced as a result of the increased oxidative stress in Parkinson disease.Parkinson disease is induced by administration of reserpine (5 mg/kg/day, i.p) for 5 consecutive days. The symptoms of PD such as tremors, akinesia and rigidity were evaluated. The effect was evaluated by assessing various behavioral parameters (grip strength and locomotor activity), biochemical parameters (lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione), as well as histopathological parameters in brain tissue. Daidzein (an antioxidant) was administered at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o. once daily for 5 days. Reserpine significantly causes tremor, rigidity, akinesia and oxidative damage which were reversed by daily administration of daidzein when compared toreserpine group. There was a significant histological improvement in the neuronal degeneration in brain tissue with daidzein. So, the results indicated the protective effect of daidzein against PD.

Background: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding occurs when the frequency and quantity of menstrual bleeding in females is significantly altered. It is the most prevalent clinical presentation in gynecology, affecting more than 20% of the female population, and is characterized by variations from normal menstruation in terms of irregularity in periods, frequency, duration of blood flow, amount of blood loss, and cyclicity. Thyroid hormones had significant effects on the female reproductive system, such as delayed puberty, infertility, premature menopause, recurrent abortions, and AUB. The AUB is significantly associated with thyroid secretions, and any patient who complains of AUB or irregular menstruation must have thyrotoxicosis ruled out. Objectives: This study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nishtar Hospital, Multan, Pakistan, (2021-22) in order to evaluate the clinical association between thyroid function and AUB in women of different reproductive age groups. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Nishtar Hospital, Multan, from 1st December 2021 to 31st May 2022. 320 patients participated in the study and were examined clinic-pathologically and were allocated into three groups based on their thyroid profile (euthyroid, hyperthyroid and hypothyroid, respectively) and further predisposition risk factors were recorded and analyzed. Results: It was discovered that extreme age groups of adolescence and pre-menopause phase significantly (p<0.05) increased the incidence of AUB. The incidence of AUB was also elevated (p<0.05) among patients with an abnormal BMI, women with multiple pregnancies, and married women. The menstrual bleeding pattern was also studied in females, with polymenorrhea (131/320) being the most prevalent (p<0.05), followed by menorrhagia (79/320), metrorrhagia (59/320), oligomenorrhea (42/320), and amenorrhea (9/320) having a significantly lower incidence (p<0.05). The incidence rate of thyroid disorders was 28.12% (90/320), with hypothyroidism affecting 77(24.06%) and hyperthyroidism affecting 13(4.06%) patients (p<0.05). Practical implication: AUB is significantly associated (p<0.05) with thyroid hormones, therefore for early diagnosis of the underlying etiology and treatment of the patients by preventing hysterectomy and other serious surgical interventions, all patients presenting to OPD clinics with the complaint of AUB or irregular menstruation must be ruled out for a thyroid profile in the first instance. Conclusion: It was concluded that thyroid disorders directly affected the BMI, fertility and menstrual cycle of gynecology patients and increased the incidence of AUB along with the medical and gynecological complications. Keywords: Amenorrhea; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Polymenorrhea; Thyrotoxicosis.

Abstract-With the increasing popularity of Android operating system, its security concerns have also been raised to a new horizon in past few years. Different researchers have introduced different approaches in order to mitigate the malware attacks on Android devices and they succeed to provide security up to some extent but these antimalware techniques are still resource inefficient and takes longer time to detect the malicious behavior of applications. In this paper, basic security mechanisms, provided by Google Android, and their limitations are discussed. Also, the existing antimalware techniques which lie under the basic detection approaches are discussed and their limitations are also highlighted. This research proposes a light weight instant malware detector, named as InstDroid, for Android devices that can identify the malicious applications immediately. Through experiments, it is shown that InstDroid is an instant malware detector that provides instant security at low resource consumption, power and memory, in comparison to other well-known commercial antimalware applications.