Anti-NMDA ( N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is one of the most common paraneoplastic encephalitides. It occurs in both sexes, across all age ranges, and may occur in the presence or absence of an associated tumor. Its pathogenesis and clinical presentation relate to the presence of IgG1 or IgG3 antibodies targeting the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor, leading to a disinhibition of neuronal excitatory pathways. Initial clinical manifestations may be nonspecific, resembling a viral-like illness; however, with disease progression, symptoms can become quite severe, including prominent psychiatric features, cognitive problems, motor dysfunction, and autonomic instability. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis may even result in death in severe untreated cases. Diagnosis can be challenging, given that initial laboratory and radiographic results are typically nonspecific. The majority of patients respond to first or second-line treatments, although therapeutic options remain limited, usually consisting of tumor removal (if there is confirmation of an underlying malignancy) in conjunction with prompt initiation of immunosuppressive medications along with intravenous immunoglobulins and/or plasma exchange. Although the clinical presentation of anti-NMDAR encephalitis overlaps with several other more common neurological and psychiatric disorders, early diagnosis and treatment is essential for a positive prognosis. Here, we concisely review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical management of this disease.

Neuromodulation therapies (VNS, RNS, and DBS) can improve seizure control in persons with epilepsy. However, there is a significant service gap in integrating these therapies in clinical care. Our epilepsy center has established an epilepsy neuromodulation clinic to improve access to patients, communication with referring physicians, track outcome and train future providers in programming neuromodulation devices. We report the (a) treatment outcome of the available neuromodulation therapies (ie, reduction in seizure frequency over 6‐12 months follow‐up); and (b) demonstrate the benefit of the specialized clinic (rapid titration, continuity of care, superior access for patient and vendors). In this single‐center, retrospective study, forty‐three adults (VNS = 27; RNS = 16) with drug‐resistant epilepsy were followed in the clinic during the 19 months study period. About 44‐69% of patients reported > 60% decrease in seizure. All patients were scheduled in the clinic within 2‐4 weeks, and stimulations were optimized rapidly. About 40% of patients participated in research while 28% were referred for additional diagnostic studies. Nineteen students and fellows were trained in programming neurostimulator. Epilepsy neuromodulation clinic can serve as an optimal solution for patients as well as providers due to rapid access, better continuity of care, higher recruitment for research studies, and training health professionals.

| http://medcraveonline.com and its dried fruit is consumed as spice in the food and drink industry as it provides flavor and enhances the taste of food. It is used as a condiment for flavoring curries, confectionery and for pickling [1]. In traditional medicine I .verum has been used as aromatic, anti-spasmodic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, stomachic as well as stimulant. It is also useful in colic, constipation, dysentery, flatulence and insomnia [2,3]. Nadkarni (1976) Anti-HIV constituents are also reported from the roots of the plant [4]. Free radicals are produced when the body converts food to energy and also generated during several biochemical reactions. More recently, oxygen-reactive species (ROS), in particular free radicals such as hydroxyl have been recognized to be involved in several pathological conditions [5,6]. Antioxidants stabilize polyunsaturated fatty acid in food and are also known to reduce the risk of many diseases including cancer, cardiovascular, inflammatory and neurological disorders [7]. Therefore, the search and characterization of efficacious and cost effective antioxidants from natural products with fewer side effects has been considerable interest in recent years. Previously, no investigation has been conducted regarding the antioxidant properties of any part of Illicium verum, including its fruit; however, there is a report in which antioxidant activities of herbs and species including I. verum from commercial sources were mentioned [8]. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanol extract of I. verum dried fruit via the bioassay guided fractionation using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and deoxyribose degradation assays. Rutin, ascorbic acid and trolox (vitamin E) were used as standard drugs in this study. Materials and Methods Chemicals Rutin, vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), trolox (analogue of vitamin E) and DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl) were purchased from Sigma (USA). Methanol was obtained from Merck, Germany. Silica gel 60HF 254 was used for vacuum liquid chromatography.

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