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Up to now, no vaccine has been developed for COVID-19 treatment. Although many scientists are working for the rapid development of a vaccine to control this pandemic, nonetheless, it will take time. If the vaccine will be developed soon, it will not be available to the entire world instantly since the mass production of the vaccine will take time. In this scenario, we will have to take alternative measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic. These alternative approaches include the stimulation of the immune system to fight against viral infections. Among the different approaches to strengthen the immune system, the use of probiotics is the best one. Probiotics can help the body to fight against COVID-19 directly and indirectly. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the use of probiotics for the prevention and control of COVID-19.

Background: Klebsiella pneumonia is an opportunistic pathogen causing a great array of illness both in humans and animals and responsible for high mortality rate in burn patients. Aim: To determine occurrence of K. pneumonia in burn wound patients and to check antibiotic sensitivity of K. pneumoniae. Methods: A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted and 50 samples of burn wound patients from Allied Hospital Faisalabad were taken for isolation, identification and antibiotic resistance pattern of K. pneumonia. Samples then inoculated on MacConkey agar for pure colonies. For identification gram staining and biochemical test were performed. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique was used to determined antibiotic sensitivity profiling K.pneumoniae against various disks. Results: On MacConkey agar mucoid, lactose fermenting pink colonies of K. pneumoniae were observed. Among the biochemical tests, catalase, citrate and VP test were found to be positive whereas indole and methyl red tests were found to be negative. Occurrence of K. pneumoniae was 28% in burn patients. Antibiotic sensitivity profiling showed that K. pneumonia was found highly sensitive to Imipenem (88.94%), meropenem (79.32%), ertapenem (75%), moderately sensitive to aminoglycoside group (amikacin 59.13%, gentamicin 52.40%, Netilmicin 50.96%), piperacillin-tazobactam (53.84%) mildly sensitive to tobramycin (49.51%), nitrofurantoin (48.07%), levofloxacin (45.19%) Conclusion: K. pneumoniae and other gram negative bacilli are frequently associated with nosocomial burn infection. Furthermore, most isolates of K. pneumoniae from burn units were MDR K. pneumonia. Keywords: Opportunistic pathogen, Antibiotic sensitive, Burn, Mortality, Nosocomial.

Nanotechnology is gaining popularity, because of its wide use in every field. Nanotechnology is continuously improving medical advancements. Nanoparticles can be engineered for their biocompatibility, size, shape and selectivity. Silver Nanoparticles have been extensively used by researchers because of their unique and wide properties such as size, shape, electrical properties and antimicrobial. Due to these properties silver nanoparticles have been used almost in every field from engineering to chemical and biological. Just like their properties, silver nanoparticles can be synthesize by various method including physical (Gamma Irradiation, Laser ablation and electron irradiation, microwave processing), chemical (chemical reduction and photochemical method) and biological. Due to the less toxicity, the use of silver Nanoparticles in life sciences has been increasing. The aim of the following review is to discuss the various methods of silver nanoparticle synthesis and their non-toxic application in the field of life sciences for the treatment of various diseases including Antibiotic resistance challenge and a tool for cancer therapy. The life sciences field will benefit from a mechanistic understanding of SNP therapeutic activities, which will aid in the development of individualized treatment and healthcare techniques for the benefit of the human population.

Human milk is a complex biological fluid, and a source of nutrients and probiotics which plays a vital role in the growth and development of infants. Probiotics are helpful bacteria which are good for human health. The primary bacterial genera which are gaining status as probiotics are Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Bifidobacterium. The present work aimed to isolate, identify, and determine the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus bacteria from human milk. A total of 70 samples of human milk were collected from different lactating mothers. The milk samples were inoculated on the De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar plates to observe the growth of Lactobacillus bacteria. The bacteria were identified based on their morphology, culture characteristics, and biochemical properties. Isolated bacteria were evaluated for probiotic properties in which, tolerance to acidic pH, bile salts, and gastric juice as well as antibacterial activity and antibiotic susceptibility were determined. Out of the 70 milk samples, 57 were positive for Lactobacillus. Out of the positive sample, 10.5% of the samples tolerated acidic pH and high bile salt concentration, but a significant difference was obtained for gastric juice. In the antibacterial activity, Pseudomonas showed no action against Lactobacillus. In antibiotic susceptibility, the test isolates were resistant to penicillin. The present work proved the presence of beneficial bacteria in the human milk. Isolated Lactobacillus exhibited significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, and tolerance to acidic pH, bile salt, and gastric juice. Therefore, human milk could be a good source of probiotics for infants.