Background: Accumulation of fat in the liver is known as liver steatosis which occurs as a result of obesity. Ginsenoside is glycosylated saponins easily found in Asia, Egypt and China. The aim of this study is to determine the role ginseng in treating fatty changes of liver measured by weight, size, and enzymes. Methodology: It was an experimental study on animals. Ginseng root extract was prepared under expert supervision. Fifty male rats were divided into five groups each has to contain ten animals. Group 1 on balanced diet (control), Group 2 on high fat diet (HFD) obese control, Group 3 on HFD + Ginsenoside (100mg/kg body weight), Group 4 on HFD + Ginsenoside (200mg/kg body weight) and Group 5 on HFD + Ginsenoside (400mg/kg body weight). Animals were weighted at commencement then weekly and finally before sacrifice. Animals were sacrificed under chloroform anesthesia, the liver was isolated and removed. Liver weight and size were measured. Blood was collected through cardiac puncture and sent to DDRRL for LFT. Results: By giving HFD, increase in liver weight, as well as the liver size and liver enzymes, was observed. Ginsenoside when given to HFD induced liver steatosis leads to decrease in liver weight, liver size, and liver enzymes. It had a prompt effect on reducing body weight as well as liver weight by reducing fat contents of the body. Conclusion:The study provides evidence that Ginsenoside has hepatoprotective effects by reducing the weight, size, and enzymes of the liver.

Objectives: To determine the effects of ginseng on obese albino rats.Methods: This study was intended to correlate the role of ginseng in reducing body weight, liver weight and size as well as fatty accumulation in hepatocytes of male albino rats weighing between 110g to 140g. This experiment was designed to study the morbid anatomy of an animal model. It was conducted in Animal house of Dow University of Health Sciences. Fifty male Albino Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups. Group1 (Gp 1) was on normal balanced diet (control), Group 2 (Gp 2) was on high fat diet (HFD), Group 3 (Gp 3) on HFD plus ginsenoside 100 mg/kg body wt., Group 4 (Gp 4) on HFD plus ginsenoside 200mg/kg body wt., and Group 5 (Gp 5) on HFD plus 400mg/kg body.Results: Weight was increased to 146 g (Gp1) and 236g (Gp 2). Group 3 reduced weight from 236g to 211g. Group 4 to 192g and Group 5 to 171g. Liver weight is also increased by HFD from 4.7g (Gp1) to 9.3 g (Gp 2). Liver weight decreased from 9.3g to 7.2g (Gp 3), 7.6 g (Gp 4) and 5.3 g (Gp 5). Due to deposition of fat in liver, cells enlarged and number of hepatocytes decreased per unit area of reticule. Number of hepatocytes in group 1 was 78.5, in group 2 WAS 38.3, in group 3 was 47.4, in group 4 was 53.8 andin group 5 was 67.7. Random blood sugar (RBS) was altered to 74.3 mg/dl in Gp1, 148 mg/dl in Gp2, 91 mg/dl in Gp3, 92 mg/dl in Gp4 and 69 mg/dl in Gp5.Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that HFD is a major cause of obesity and it should be prevented by introducing ginseng as an anti-obesity in our life. This study concluded that ginseng root extract proves to be more potent as anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidant.

Background: Taking into account, the adverse effects of chemotherapy on male fertility, Chemotherapy has been a major area ofconcern for physicians. Chemotherapeutic agent Doxorubicin (DOX) profoundly affect the morphometric of testes that is indicativeof damage to this important reproductive organ. Antioxidants being free radical scavenger could be used in order to ameliorate theUndesirable effect of anti-cancer agentsObjective: To demonstrate change in weight of testes and thickness of germinal epithelium after consumption of Doxorubicin andto observe the effect of ascorbic acid on these changesMaterial and Methods: Experimental study was conducted on mice which were divided in 3 groups A, B and C. They receivedsaline intraperitoneally (IP), DOX IP and DOX + Ascorbic acid per oral respectively. On completion sacrificed animals weredissected and testes were weighed and later sections were selected for morphometric measurement of germinal epithelium andwere observed in H&E stained slides under 40x objective and 10x ocular lenses of light microscopeResult: Ascorbic acid seems to be significantly affecting the declined weight of the organ and on disturbed morphometry ofgerminal epithelium in mice induced with chemotherapeutic agent DOXConclusion: Ascorbic acid seems to be significantly affecting the declined weight of the organ and on disturbed morphometry ofgerminal epithelium in mice induced with chemotherapeutic agent DOXKeyword: Chemotherapy, antioxidant, weight, germinal epithelium, mice.

Background: The study was designed to evaluate short term effects of commonly used antidiabetic drugs on liver.  The objective of the study is to observe and analyze the correlation between percent liver weight and percent liver fat cells in control rats and diabetic, insulin, metformin and insulin-metformin combination treated high fat diet (HFD) / Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic albino rats. Study Design: Experimental comparative study. Setting: Institute of Bio Medical Sciences (IBMS), Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Ojha Campus, Karachi. Period: December 2014 to May 2015. Materials and Methods: The experimental study was conducted on 50 albino wistar rats. 10 rats served as control rats while rest of the rats were experimentally induced for diabetes type 2 and were then randomized into 5 groups. One group was treated with insulin, one with metformin, and the one group with insulin-metformin combination for 4 weeks. All the treated groups were compared with untreated and control group. At the end of experiment, all the rats were sacrificed and livers were isolated and weighed. Percent liver weight calculated. Liver cut sections were processed and stained to analyze the correlation in percent fat cells in liver percent liver weight and in each treated and untreated diabetic groups, then the results were compared with control rats. Results: Data is analyzed by using SPSS Version 22.  Pearson correlation was used to identify correlation between the percent liver weight and percent fat cells in liver of control, treated and untreated diabetic groups. Significant and positive correlation (p-value < 0.01) in insulin treated group of diabetic rats was observed indicating that insulin has a role in causing fatty liver. Conclusion: Insulin treated diabetic group shows a significant positive correlation between percent fat cells of liver and percent liver weight.

Objective: To compare the effects of drugs (Metformin and combination) on weight, size and volume of liver in diabetic rats. Study Design and Setting: This was an experimental comparative study conducted at Institute of Bio Medical Sciences (IBMS), Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Ojha Campus, Karachi. Methodology: The study was conducted on 40 albino wistar rats. Diabetic rats (n=20) were grouped into 2. One group was treated with metformin (n=10)while the other group with insulin-metformin combination (n=10) for 4 weeks. All the treated groups were compared with untreated diabetic killed (n=10). After a short period of 4 weeks, all the rats were sacrificed. Livers were isolated, weighed and grossly observed for significant changes. Absolute and mean percent liver weights as well as liver volumeof all rats were calculated. Results: Data was analyzed by using GraphPad Prism version 5.0.Data for absolute/percent liver weight and liver volume was expressed as Mean ± SEM. The value obtained was analyzed by Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test wherever applicable.P-value of = 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Conclusion: The short-term metformin and insulin-metformin treatment doesn’t effect liver weight and volume significantly and hence, their short-term use is beneficial in type 2 diabetes.