Background: Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia is a common problem encountered in neonates and often requires admission and treatment.Almost 60% of the term babies and 80% of the preterm babies develop jaundice. East Asians have higher baseline neonatal bilirubin levelsthan whites and are predisposed to the development of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. .Objectives: To determine the important prognostic factors in Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia and to correlate variables with severity ofpresentation.Material and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the Paediatrics Unit 3 of Civil Hospital Karachi from June to November2017 on admitted patients below one month of age with clinically diagnosed jaundice. Total and indirect serum bilirubin levels, and data ofgender, age, birth weight, blood group incompatibility, and breast feeding were obtained.Results: Of 255 cases, 80% were resolved. Phototherapy was the most common method of treatment (in 91.8% of cases). Males slightlyoutnumbered females (1.39:1). 6.3% of jaundiced neonates died; 3.5% developed kernicterus before death. Low birth weight wasobserved in 50.2% of cases while preterm gestation was seen in 39.2% of cases.Conclusion: Important prognostic factors for Hyperbilirubinemia were presence of kernicterus, anemia, age group of the infant, severityof hyperbilirubinemia and the therapy provided.

Objectives: To demonstrate the volume changes that are produced byanthracycline Doxorubicin DOX on the testes of mice and designed to study volumetric changesin DOX affected testes with co-administration of antioxidant Vitamin C. Design: An experimentalstudy. Setting: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences. Dow University of Health Sciences. Period:September 2011 to May 2012. Methods: Experimental study using thirty male mice of fiveweeks old were separated into 3 groups (A, B & C). Each group had ten mice and was treatedwith normal saline 1 ml intraperitoneal (IP) in group A, DOX alone (0.003 mg in 0.03ml /gmbody weight IP for 3 doses on 6th, 8th and 10th day of study) in group B and DOX (0.003 mgin 0.03ml /gm body weight IP for 3 doses on 6th, 8th and 10th day of study) + Vitamin C (0.5mg in 0.01ml/gm body weight per orumdaily) in group C. After completion of study, animalswere sacrificed and the testes were kept in Bouin’s fluid and volume was measured. Results:By using SPSSS version 16, statistical analysis was done, using ANOVA test to evaluate thesignificance of concerned parameter among different groups studied. The administration ofDOX induced significant reduction (P <0.001) of volume of testes when compared to controls.However co-administration of Vitamin C with DOX significantly increase (P <0.001) the volumeas compared to DOX group. Conclusion: This study suggested that the antioxidant VitaminC has a significant role in ameliorating the damage of testes induced by DOX, showingimprovement in the morphology and morphometry of testes.

Objectives: To establish a relation between changes in height of body ofmandible on Orthopantomogram (OPG) X-ray with Dual Energy X- ray Absorptiometry (DXA)scan of femoral neck and spine to see whether or not the OPG X-ray can be employed asearly detector and as a screening tool for osteoporosis. Study Design: Cross sectional study.Setting: Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi Pakistan. Period: December 2011 to March2013. Methods: A sample of 174 females aged 25 to 85 years were divided into premenopausal(Group I) and postmenopausal (Group II) groups. Each group was subdivided into normal (preA, post A), osteopenic, (pre B, post B) and osteoporotic, (pre C, post C) groups by DXA Scan.Mandibular morphological changes seen on OPG X-ray in subgroups of Group I were comparedwith each other and with subgroups of Group II. The parameters that were considered on OPGX-ray were height of body of mandible at inner angle of jaw (HA) and at mental foramen (HF).One Way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and T-test were applied to evaluate intragroup andintergroup significance respectively. Results: The reduction in height at angle (HA) and heightat foramen (HF) showed that there was decrease in the height of body which was a measure ofboth osteoporosis and age. Conclusion: A simple and cost effective method of screening wasestablished.

Background: Taking into account, the adverse effects of chemotherapy on male fertility, Chemotherapy has been a major area ofconcern for physicians. Chemotherapeutic agent Doxorubicin (DOX) profoundly affect the morphometric of testes that is indicativeof damage to this important reproductive organ. Antioxidants being free radical scavenger could be used in order to ameliorate theUndesirable effect of anti-cancer agentsObjective: To demonstrate change in weight of testes and thickness of germinal epithelium after consumption of Doxorubicin andto observe the effect of ascorbic acid on these changesMaterial and Methods: Experimental study was conducted on mice which were divided in 3 groups A, B and C. They receivedsaline intraperitoneally (IP), DOX IP and DOX + Ascorbic acid per oral respectively. On completion sacrificed animals weredissected and testes were weighed and later sections were selected for morphometric measurement of germinal epithelium andwere observed in H&E stained slides under 40x objective and 10x ocular lenses of light microscopeResult: Ascorbic acid seems to be significantly affecting the declined weight of the organ and on disturbed morphometry ofgerminal epithelium in mice induced with chemotherapeutic agent DOXConclusion: Ascorbic acid seems to be significantly affecting the declined weight of the organ and on disturbed morphometry ofgerminal epithelium in mice induced with chemotherapeutic agent DOXKeyword: Chemotherapy, antioxidant, weight, germinal epithelium, mice.

Background: Metabolic syndrome is the challenge of this era; diseases are initiated with the abnormal functioning liver. This study aims to evaluate the effects of HFD on liver anatomy and to study the morphological changes with its histological findings Methodology: 50 male albino rats were acclimatized in the animal house of DUHS, divided into 5 groups (GP). GP 1 was on a standard diet for 6 weeks, GP 2 was on HFD for 6 weeks, GP 3, GP 4, and GP 5 were on HFD for 6 weeks. They were treated with ginseng root extract in doses of 100mg/ml, 200mg/ml and 400 mg/ml for 6 weeks. After 12 weeks, GP3, GP4, and GP 5 were dissected, and the liver was isolated for histology and micrometry. Blood was drawn and sent for LFT to correlate morphological changes with enzymes.   Results: Rats on a high-fat diet developed fatty liver with altered LFT. The treated group showed a reversal of changes in morphology and LFT in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The morphometric analysis revealed that fatty accumulation in liver cells deranges the liver function leading to metabolic syndrome. Ginseng root extract helps in depleting fatty accumulation in the liver.