Introduction: Biceps brachii muscle is the double headed flexor muscle of anterior compartment of arm, showing most common anatomical variation. Objective: To study the morphological variation of biceps brachii muscle along with its innervations. Method: 42 upper extremities of 21 formalin fixed cadavers used during routine dissection in anatomy department of LMC were studied. Biceps brachii muscles were examined for their attachments, number of heads of origin, level of fusion of muscle bellies and innervations. Appropriate photographs were taken. Result: Out of 42 upper extremities of 21 cadavers third head of biceps brachii muscle was found in two right upper extremities (9.52%). One of the specimens had dual nerve supply from musculocutaneous and median nerve where as in another specimen third head was innervated only by musculocutaneous nerve. Conclusion: Knowledge of additional head of biceps brachii is important for surgery of the fracture of shaft of humerus.

Right and left coronary arteries maintain the nutritional supply of heart. The left coronary artery (LCA) bifurcates into Anterior Interventricular Artery (AIA) and Circumflex Artery (CA). Triangle of Brocq and Mouchet is an arterio-venous triangle formed by AIA and CA of left coronary artery and great cardiac vein (GCV) that lies between conus aretriosus and left auricle. This study aims to determine frequency of Brocq and Mouchet triangle and its anatomical details. This study was conducted in thirty formalin fixed cadaveric hearts collectively available in the Department of Anatomy, Nepal Medical College from November 2019 till April 2020. The incidence of heart showing the triangle was 93.3% with the most common type being closed which is followed by inferiorly opened, superiorly opened, and completely opened. Most frequent content of the triangle was median artery followed by diagonal branches of AIA and CA. the mean area of the triangle was 218.84mm2(527.97 mm2-57.26 mm2). The branches of LCA varied from bifurcation to pentafurcation. Relationship of GCV with AIA and CA was found to be either superficial or deep. The anatomical knowledge of the Brocq and Mouchet triangle regarding arterio-venous relationship will be required for angiographic procedures. Also, the triangle is a potential epicardial access route to mitral valve annulus thus detailed anatomical knowledge of the triangle will help cardiologist to achieve successful cardiological procedures with minimal complications.

ABSTRACT:Introduction: Femoral bicondylar angle has immense importance from anatomical and clinical (forensic and anthropometric) point of view and is the characteristic feature of bipedal gait in humans. It is the angle between axis of femoral shaft and a line perpendicular to its transcondylar axis. The study was carried out to assess bicondylar angle and its relationship with femur length and neck length. Methods: Bicondylar angle, length, and neck length of available dry human femurs of unknown sex and age were measured using osteometric board and vernier caliper. Bicondylar angle between two sides were compared. Similarly, relation between the angle and femoral length and length of femoral neck was studied. Result: Bicondylar angle on right side was 8.65° (SD = 2.03) and on left side was 9.35° (SD = 2.05) and the different was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). On both sides, no significant correlation was found between bicondylar angle with femoral length and length of femoral neck. Conclusion: Mean bicondylar angle of right femur was 8.65° and that of left was 9.35° and the difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant relation between the angle and other two parameters.

Background: The lingual nerve is the terminal branch of the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. The spatial relationship of lingual nerve to the mandibular alveolar crest varies widely. This variation can be among the gender, age, dental status and between the right and left side of the same sample. This study was aimed to determine the relationship of lingual nerve to mandibular third molar region. Methods: An observational study was carried out from January 2021 to December 2021.The study sample was 15 cadavers including both right and left sides. The lingual nerve was exposed by dissecting the infra temporal region following the standard procedures of Cunninghams Manual of Dissection. The diameter of the lingual nerve, vertical and horizontal distance were measured. The results of all these measurements were tabulated and mean standard deviation were calculated using SPSS version 16. Results: Out of 30 lingual nerves examined, the mean horizontal distance was 3.99 ± 0.96 mm, the mean vertical distance was 12.67 ± 1.76 mm while the diameter of the lingual nerve was 2.46 ± 0.54 mm. Conclusions: The lingual nerve always lies in close proximity of alveolar bone and surgeons operating in this region need to be aware during any surgical interventions or any procedures in this region.  A thorough apprehension of the spatial location of the lingual nerve enable to lessen the lingual nerve injury.

Introduction: Detailed knowledge of the branching pattern of internal iliac artery will be a guidance for ligating the artery and its branches during various pelvic surgeries. Hence, the main objective of this study was to know the branching pattern of internal iliac artery, based on the Adachis Classification along with the length and diameter of the arteries.  Methods: The descriptive observational cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Human Anatomy of the Nepal medical college, examined over a period of 9 months from June 2021- February 2022 which included 30 internal iliac arteries and its branches of right and left sides from 15 embalmed male human cadavers. Results: In the study, branching pattern of internal iliac artery (IIA) was Type Ia in 19 (63.33%) and Type III in 11 (36.66%) of the cases while type I b, Type II a, Type II b, IV and V pattern were not observed. The total minimum and maximum lengths of both right and left trunk of internal iliac arteries were 1.33 cm and 3.42 cm respectively and average lengths with standard deviation were 2.61cm ± 0.66.The calculated P valve (0.002) showed that the differences between the lengths of IIA of both sides were statistically significant. The diameter and standard deviation of IIA and obturator artery were 6.37±1.33 and 2.47cm±0.67 respectively. The obturator artery was found to be originated from both anterior and posterior division of IIA accounting as 96.66% and 3.33% respectively. Conclusions: Pelvic surgeries may lead to hemorrhage if branching patterns of the IIA are incorrectly interpreted and thus endanger the patient’s life while ligating the artery during prostatectomy, hernioplasty. The current study explain the important aspects of the vascular anatomy of the IIA not only for anatomists and morphologists, but also for the radiologists, general and vascular surgeons.  Key words: internal iliac artery; inferior gluteal artery; internal pudendal artery; obturator artery; variations.