Background Diabetes is a common disease that causes gingival and periodontal problems. Stem cells isolated from dental sources are an emerging area of research with a potential to facilitate regenerative medicine. The stem cells retain the property of self-renewal and the ones isolated from dental sources are mainly multipotent mesenchymal stem cells that have the ability to self-renew as well as differentiation towards multiple lineages. Objectives We aimed to isolate and characterize gingival mesenchymal stem cells by pluripotency markers and investigated the effect of oxidative stress on growth kinetics and apoptotic gene expression of gingival cells exposed to glucose mediated oxidative stress. Methods In this study, we isolated gingival mesenchymal stem cells from gingiva. This was followed by morphologic analysis using inverted phase contrast microscopy and molecular profiling of these cells for the mRNA expression of specific genes. The isolated cells were cultured till passage 3 and then exposed to oxidative stress (high glucose concentration). We measured the apoptotic gene expression and compared their growth kinetics. Results The results showed that oxidative stress produced by glucose reduced growth kinetics and increased apoptotic gene expression in gingival mesenchymal stem cells. According to the genetic results, glucose activated TNF family to initiate apoptosis. Conclusion In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that high glucose obliterated cellular proliferation testified by evaluating growth kinetics and induced apoptotic gene expression in gingival mesenchymal stem cells. This initiated extrinsic apoptotic pathway mediated by TNF family. Therefore, in diabetes oral health condition is compromised and periodontal disease is common.

Aim: Saliva carries indicators for both systemic and oral illnesses. This research intended to find saliva degradation markers in regards to enhance saliva therapy results by assessing the diversity in the sources of such biomarkers. Methods: Salivary albumin, as well as transferrin concentrations, were measured to identify inter-and intra-subject variance in salivary gingival crevicular fluid balance. Bacterial culture had been used to assess the cleanliness of obtained glandular secretions, while cell counting and optical density measurements were used to quantify the variation in epithelial cell counts. Results: Ten-fold variability in plasma-derived albumin also creatinine stages were detected, underscoring requirement for more biomarker standardization in relation to plasma supplies to saliva. In samples collected during a meal, epithelial cell numbers differed by a factor of 30. Salivary fungal levels ranged from 0 to >1,100 colony-forming components per milliliter between and across participants. Five peptides that consistently improved in strength over time in saliva samples cultured at 36°C have been found and might be investigated as "deterioration indicators." Conclusion: Considering saliva properties into consideration effectively will assist achieve the promise that this bodily fluid is ideal for dependable health care monitoring and supervision.

Background: The damaging radiations exposure can causes harm to body cells and DNA. It also leads to shortening of life expectancy. Many Dental techniques and equipment made to lower the radiation dose for staff and patients. Objective: In this study the knowledge, attitude and practice based questions were asked to analyze the awareness level of house officers regarding oral radiology. Study design: It is a questionnaire-based study conducted for the duration of the six months from Feb 2022 to July 2022. Material and Methods: The study comprised of 105 house officers that were practicing dentistry after completion of their degrees. They were fully aware of the objective of the study. They were practicing in institutes like Liaqat College of medicine and dentistry, Fatima Jinnah dental College and Bahria university medical and dental College. Results: All the subjects had taken the radiographs and 38 subjects reported about using both conventional and digital method during practice. The average age of the subjects was 25 years. There were 32 subjects that prefer using conventional method and among them 27 reported that they had only one equipment that’s why they have to use it.

Dental age estimation over half a century has largely been determined by physical examination and use of orthopentograms. Different age assessment Demirjian and Levesque methods have been adopted for age determination. Age determination assessment via orthopentograms is based on calcification of roots, growth of mandible and underlying succedeneous tooth buds. Demirjian et al 1973, proposed 9 stages of tooth Mineralization for age determination. Age determination is necessary in fields of forensic, anthropology, pediatric dentistry and orthodontics. The fact that over a period of time dental wear, caries and different dental diseases are responsible for change in morphology and function of teeth which results in discrepancies between different methods of age estimation. Present study determines a relationship between assessment of age from OPGs by dentist and the chronological age of patient. Subjects were selected randomly of age series from 6-13 years (both male and female) from the radiology department of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. Retained teeth were found to be only among 5% of the total population. 95% of the targeted sample, did not had any retained teeth. Similarly, missing teeth were also not very evident on the radiographs of these children. Based on the results of this study, most of the children had all teeth present in their radiographs regardless of gender and other demographic factors. The study also showed that if the deciduous predecessor is lost early, the eruption of permanent is delayed. Teeth on right side of the arch were found to be erupting before the teeth on left side. The study demonstrates significant relationship between chronological and dental age of patient and OPG as a limited diagnostic aid for age determination.