Roy Lichtenstein's Whaam! (1963) is an iconic artwork in Tate's collection (T00897). Over the past 50 years, the painting has been on almost continuous display and had accrued a layer of deposited soiling, which resulted in the dampening of Lichtenstein's vibrant colours and the masking of numerous subtleties across the painting surface. This paper outlines the design and execution of an optimal soiling removal strategy for this challenging work; utilising collaborative, practice-based research. The conservation treatment employed was derived through an iterative process that reflected and supported the conservation decision-making process. The research strands included: technical and art historical investigations to determine the materials and construction of Whaam! and to define the aims of the conservation treatment; preparation of accelerated aged and artificially soiled test (mock-up) paint samples based on contemporary equivalent materials and a comparative evaluation of a range of established and novel soil-removal systems, followed by further tailoring for use on the work of art. The range of cleaning systems evaluated included free-solvents, gels and emulsifiers; which were documented using star diagrams, digital microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. After a rigorous process of assessment and refinement, the strategy taken forward to Whaam! included the use of a polyvinyl alcohol-based polymeric hydrogel (Nanorestore Gel ® Peggy 6), uploaded with tailored aqueous solutions. This process facilitated a low risk, controlled and even-removal of the soiling layer, enabling the successful treatment of this sensitive painting for the first time in the painting's history.

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Article information:To cite this document: Rachel Barker , (2015),"Management of knowledge creation and sharing to create virtual knowledge-sharing communities: a tracking study"If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. AbstractPurpose -The main aim of this paper is to address the lack of research on the potential impact of the radical changes in social networking in the so-called network society and indirectly the need to manage and constructively share in the collateral knowledge creation. To do this, a tracking study of the knowledge creation and sharing in a discussion forum has been conducted from a knowledge management perspective. Design/methodology/approach -A quantitative content analysis research design has been adopted in accordance with which content, text and messages on the website were critically examined; categories and themes identified and analysed; content coded and interpreted; and the results reported, relative to the research problem and theory. Both substantive decisions (what and how to code) and technical decisions (how coding will be interpreted) were made during the coding process and the interpretation of the results (Keyton, 2015). Three levels of division were used in the development of the coding system, namely, message construction, a summary of criteria and subcriteria and main links and sublinks (Wagner et al., 2012). The unit of analysis was a website, specifically the SouthAfrica.com online discussion forum, which presented an observable and measurable unit for the dissection of the text into components, criteria, subcriteria and elements to be analysed. Findings -Two main findings emerged. First, it was empirically found that knowledge intervention by an expert in the organisation is in fact possible (and indeed needed as a proactive means) to ensure new knowledge is created and shared by individuals in the forum on a continuous basis. Second, it was found that a good theoretical foundation or framework can indicate the importance of various aspects which should be considered to obtain useful results from the participants or members of the forum through knowledge management.Research limitations/implications -The study is limited by the fact that it only focussed on the measurement of knowle...

Although crisis communication has emerged as a specialised study field for public relationsscholars and practitioners and has been a mounting area of inter-disciplinary research in recentyears, several gaps in current literature on crisis communication exist. Gaps include a notablefocus on the planning, prevention and recovery stages with lesser attention being devoted to thecrisis-response stage; a lack of a comprehensive conceptual framework to guide communicationdecision makers during this critical period; and that crisis-communication studies appear to bepredominantly Western based. This article attempts to address these gaps by focusing on thecrisis-response stage, with particular emphasis on communication with the media during a crisis.It is acknowledged that the success of a crisis-management effort is profoundly affected by whatan organisation says and does during a crisis – termed the crisis response (Benoit, 1997; Coombs,2004). This article focuses on this crisis response and is divided as follows: firstly, an introductionto key terminology is provided, followed by the theoretical background, the research approachand methodology, as well as the findings from the case studies, which culminate in the proposedconceptual model for effective crisis communication with the media. Lastly, a critical evaluation ofthe model is presented and recommendations for further research are provided.

In spite of the increased emphasis being placed on Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC), limited attempts have been made to critically analyse existing viewpoints, the evolution of the concept and its application. The research problem of this article is based on this limited mind-set which arguably created a problem in understanding IMC as a process and the integration of actions which appears to be superficial in most cases. The main objective of this article is hence to contribute to these viewpoints in addressing this problem through an analysis of existing literature to stimulate the necessary debate on this phenomenon and the progression of IMC thinking which is increasingly being challenged from the perspective of the emerging paradigm of strategic communication. This is done through a combined categorical, theoretical and integrated communicative perspective, highlighting the need for an alternative perspective of IMC thinking from a strategic and corporate brand perspective which could assist to engender dramatically changing expectations and demands across organisations for a clear understanding of IMC practice and theory.Subsequently an alternative re-orientated strategic perspective based on all current approaches is proposed into what is termed Strategic Integrated Communication (SIC). The focus of this perspective is on the strategic intent of the organisation to enhance strategic, integrated communication and knowledge management of information through creative media strategies and environmental scanning based on trust, loyalty, integrity and credibility to ensure valuable long term stakeholder relationships. Communication (SIC)4 | P a g e 5 | P a g eThe main research problem is hence based on these criticisms that little or no research effort has been done to systematically investigate the true value of the different IMC concepts and that insufficient knowledge exists about the employment and impending competence of marketing in the literature. The main objective of this article is to contribute to this debate through a critical analysis of existing viewpoints on the progression of IMC thinking and the provision of integrated solutions which evolved over time and have been advocated by various academic definitions and descriptions in marketing literature. In order to do this, the research methodology includes a thorough critique of existing literature from the inception of the concept up to the recent literature. KEY CONCEPTS DEFINEDWith the introduction of the Internet and from an organisational perspective, the field of communication and marketing has been infiltrated by strange streams of nonsensical characters complete with secret-code-like phrases like www, slash, dotcom and at. This was followed by the emergence of social networking websites and social media which connected millions of complete strangers in real time. The adoption of social networks which include, inter alia, discussion forums, blogs, MySpace, Facebook, YouTube, online message boards, Twitter, LinkedIn and others and more...