Although a great effort has been made in Morocco concerning the produced quantity of raw cow milk, its quality does not meet acceptable quality standards. Theobjective of this study was to evaluate the global milk quality in Moroccan dairy herds (hygienic and pathogenic parameters) and the perspectives on dairy development. For this, we evaluated the variations in the overall quality of raw milk: bacteriological and hygienic characterizations. Thus, samples of raw cow's milk produced in 10-12 farms were selected from different areas in Beni Mellal region. The investigation has concerned different cattle farms with different breeding procedures. Thus, microbiological characterization was evaluated in the samples analyzed for their standard plat count, total coliform and fecal coliform, yeast loads (L), molds (M) and some of pathogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, salmonella, listeria and clostridium). In general, the samples analyzed show a moderate to critical contamination of raw milk during different seasons in all microbial species analyzed, notably for fecal and total coliforms and total mesophilic aerobic flora (TMAF). As the microbiological quality of milk is critical to the health, organoleptic and technological qualities of milk, we assayed pathogenic bacteria and found a positivity only for staphylococcus aureus which exceeds the accepted limit. The most contaminated farms were those located essentially in the irrigated zones. The less contaminated ones belong to modern's farms. It seems that transportation, milking and pre-storage conditions as well as climate constitute the main basic relevant factors for heavy bacterial contamination Taken together these variations reflect essentially differences in practical breeding. When the period effect is investigated, differences between hot periods and cold-warm periods are present for the parameters mentioned above. These results indicate the non-respect of good hygiene practices as well as breeding practices.

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Reading acquisition disorders constitute the main problem in children's learning. in Morocco, epidemiological data are very rare. Research, mainly in the English language, concerns either the sociological or the cognitive field. Few studies, among them not one in Arabic, have explored the link relating to social and cognitive factors. The purpose of our work is to study and analyze the cognitive and social variables related to different reading skills among Moroccan pupils in primary and secondary public schools. From a sample of 754 learners (388 boys and 366 girls) ranging in age from 9 to 15 years with an average of 11.59 years, the diagnostic tests identified 145 students with deficient skills "Bad readers (BR)," 128 suspected of being in difficulty classified as « intermediate level (IL) » and a group of 481 children as good readers ( GR). Statistical analyses have shown that the first two groups (BR and IL) represent 24% in the favoured areas compared to 43% in the disadvantaged. The analysis of scores and the nature of the errors made on various reading tests show that 41 students, or 5.43% of our sample, present a dyslexia profile. 13 (1.72%) of whom have very severe difficulties. The phonological aptitudes (Rapid automatized naming, phonological short-time memory and especially phonological awareness) mainly reflect the level of reading. These phonological abilities are highly influenced by early attendance of preschool and by the degree of exposure to written language at home. These data, which are unique in Morocco, are consistent to that of the published subject literature. They make it possible to plan preventive actions by generalizing pre-school teaching, particularly in precarious environments. These actions should be based on playful exercises aimed at improving phonological abilities at an early age, while exploiting the brain sensitivity to reading at that age. Phonological awareness and rapid naming are the most implicated factors in the disparity of reading skills. These abilities are highly influenced by the integration of preschool at a very early age and by the degree of exposure to written language activities. Therefore, there is a need to plan preventive actions, based on playful exercises, aiming to improve phonological skills from the pre-school period

The main objectives of the present study were to evaluate the microbiological quality of raw cow milk produced in Beni Mellal region, one of the major milk production areas in Morocco located in the North-Centre of Morocco to evaluate the characteristics of the raw milk produced and also to evaluate hygienic conditions effects and breeding factors on milk microbiological aspects. For this, hygienic quality of milk was determined by assessing the analysis of Total Aerobic Flora or Total Bacterial Count, Total Coliforms Count, Fecal Coliforms Count, Pseudomonas sp while germs such as Anaerobic Sulphite-reducing Bacteria, Staphyloccoccus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella sp, were carried out according to international standards. The analysis of the microbiological results found for all the areas investigated in this study revealed that the great majority of milk caw samples studied were contaminated but at diverse levels exceeding in many times the normal threshold. Absence of pathogenic flora mainly Salmonella sp, Clostridium and Listeria was revealed by the present investigations in agreement with numerous studies in Morocco. In order to reduce the strong microbial contamination of the caw milk samples studied, the industries and authorities must made a compensate system for farmers presenting a good hygienic milk criteria on the one hand and a penalties system for those providing a bad hygienic or chemical and physical milk criteria on the one other hand.

Recently, according to a survey carried out in Oued El Abid River by Oum Er-Rbia Hydraulic Basin Agency concerned about the surface water quality, the downstream course is undergoing continual degradation in its water quality comparable to the upstream. This study comes to localize the sources of pollution and explains the process of degradation, which affects the water quality in that area. For this purpose, an inspection of the place has been done during January 2017 to cover the entire zone limited by the affected part of river, followed by a survey, which interests to water quality and the groundwater depth. The inspection doesn't show any direct liquid discharge into the river; meanwhile the water quality degradation is related to the underground sources through river-shallow-aquifer exchange process, when the obtained results from the survey showed that severe parameters are involved in the degradation of groundwater, as the geology and agricultural activities. Combining these results with flow direction in groundwater, it is clear that pollutants are transported to the river via the river-shallow aquifer exchange process, which affects its quality. Based on the finding results, this study will give the decision makers a simple view to a complex pollution processing.