This study aims to describe the protection of personal data of online transportation customer from the perspective of legal protection for privacy. Although online transportation services enable users to travel with low-cost easily, they also pose new challenges. The challenges include the absence of standards of protection for both passengers and drivers, especially the protection of the user's privacy rights. The issue of personal data protection and the privacy rights has arisen after some drivers intimidate their customers because the customers give bad ratings that the drivers do not desire. The types of intimidation are, among others, determining the work time, travel route, house condition, workplace condition, etc. Criminal individuals can expose all weaknesses in customers' personal data protection to commit acts of crime. In addition, the users' personal data can be transferred to other parties outside the jurisdiction of Indonesian law. This study uses normative legal research with prescriptive character. The legal approach used in this study is the conceptual and the regulatory approaches. The results show that, until now, there is no guarantee of the protection of privacy rights for online transportation users. The consumers' efforts to make legal remedies for compensation claims also face problems due to the existence of standard clauses in the provisions of the privacy policy.

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This article addressed the issue of violations and infringements by presenting a legal study of the most important human rights protection mechanisms at the level of global regulation. The scientific necessity necessitated the study of the role of international bodies in the field of human rights, through the international mechanisms for monitoring human rights and the oversight and protection system in them. The article examined that international law has provided humanity with a number of mechanisms whose application leads to the creation of a virtuous society in which all human beings enjoy peace and security and enjoy all rights on an equal footing. International law has adopted a set of mechanisms that include a set of provisions that criminalize every act that would harm a person, whether this act occurred on his body, honor, or religion. International law has also created a number of consensual mechanisms that undertake the task of supervising and monitoring the extent to which individuals and states respect and apply those provisions. To achieve the objectives of the article, doctrinal legal research methodology using a qualitative approach was adopted. This article referred to a number of international treaties, charters, and declarations related to human rights or international law, in addition to many studies that dealt with human rights in international law. The article recommended that every country in the world shall stipulate that its constitution or basic law include explicit provisions that guarantee the protection of human rights and provide the necessary guarantees for their implementation.

“There is plenty of other fish in the sea," goes the old cliché as many stocks have been overfished by industrial fisheries, that the over-activity made some fish species in danger. The scope of this paper covers the enforcement issue of Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) as endangered fish species. Taking Indonesia, New Zealand, and Australia as member States who catch SBT, this paper is a conceptual study using content analysis aiming to review how these three-member States officially treat SBT stocks. Based on the discussion, it found that since the shared characteristic of SBT, in areas beyond national jurisdiction it might create regulatory gaps. While international provisions have been entered into force in respect of endangered fish stocks in high seas areas, however, a lacuna remained in which the law cannot reach the national fishing area. This situation may lead to a discrepancy framework at the national level. Therefore, this paper argues that connectivity is crucial to link enforcement among relevant States with the real interest. In this context, the enforcement must consider the movement path of SBT from a coastal State (the spawning ground), the flag State (the fishing vessel), and the Port State (the place to land SBT).

<p>Contracts play a significant role in both economic and commercial transactions, whether internal contract within a national legal system of a State or contract with international nature due to there is more than one legal system would be involved. As a tool that runs international trade and a means of economic exchanges across the border, it can not be denied that many practitioners have high stakes and interest through a contract. The internationality of the contract may impose its subordination to a law other than the law of the judge, and may be subjected to the international substantive rules represented in the most common rules of international law or common principles of international trade rules. Therefore, the definition of the concept of an international contract is a critical issue for the consequences of this limitation. Therefore, the appraisal between domestic and international contract is crucial to do as well as the role of the will in internationalizing the contract.</p>