The rapture appearances and pressures are compared for clamped disks, biaxially stressed to rupture under upward increasing pressures of helium or of an embrittling fluid such as gaseous hydrogen isotopes. Usually the downward surface is available for observation during the test in progress, but it can be exposed to a second embrittling medium. Factors studied include: (a) for the materials; chemistry (aluminum, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, platinum, titanium, uranium, zirconium, etc., base), surface condition, thermomechanical processing, welding, etc., (b) for the testing conditions (- 196 to - 450°C), H2 pressure, purity, pressure increase rate, etc. Low-cycle fatigue and delayed failure tests can also be conducted and discontinuous cracking monitored by various techniques, especially permeation. The disk pressure test (DPT) can be used for selection and quality control of bulk materials, protective coatings against hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE), and their processing. Materials selection is made according to screening tests of increasing severity. The DPT shows evidence of other causes of embrittlement and their synergistic effects with HEE, which is quite important. Other advantages of DPT, such as sensitivity, versatility, rapidity, simplicity of operation and maintenance, safety, low cost of specimens and equipment, etc., are outlined and compared to other methods.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and quantum information theory are interrelated research fields witnessing an increasing theoretical and experimental interest. This is mainly due to the broadness of these theories, which found applications in many different fields of science, ranging from biology to the foundations of physics. Here, by employing the orbital angular momentum of light, we propose a new platform for studying non-equilibrium properties of high dimensional quantum systems. Specifically, we use Laguerre-Gaussian beams to emulate the energy eigenstates of a two-dimension quantum harmonic oscillator having angular momentum. These light beams are subjected to a process realized by a spatial light modulator and the corresponding work distribution is experimentally reconstructed employing a two-point measurement scheme. The Jarzynski fluctuation relation is then verified. We also suggest the realization of Maxwell's demon with this platform.
RESUMO A técnica de soldagem dupla camada utiliza método controlado de deposição, onde a relação entre os aportes térmicos da segunda para a primeira camada de solda (E2/E1) deve ser criteriosamente definida para promover o refino dos grãos da Zona Afetada pelo Calor (ZAC). Entretanto, a parametrização de processos de soldagem para a realização desta técnica tem sido de modo experimental, requerendo diversos ensaios, corpos de prova e consumíveis, demandando tempo e elevado custo. Uma possível solução para tal problemática é a análise computacional aplicada à soldagem, tornando o estudo desta de grande relevância. Este trabalho objetiva o estudo inicial do comportamento da ZAC em soldagem dupla camada utilizando o Método de Elementos Finitos (MEF). Experimentos práticos foram realizados para comparar e validar o modelo numérico. Dessa maneira, seis corpos de prova foram fabricados, três com camada simples e três com dupla camada. Foram utilizadas três energias de soldagem diferentes para os primeiros passes (0.571, 0.428 e 0.342 kJ/mm) e o dobro de tais energias para o segundo passe (taxa de energia de 1:2). Comparou-se as macrografias dos resultados experimentais e numéricos, tanto para a camada simples quanto para a dupla camada, bem como realizou-se a medição das dimensões da ZAC ao longo da seção transversal dos corpos de prova. Dessa maneira, notou-se que a taxa de energia de 1:2 é suficiente para atingir a zona de grãos grosseiros da primeira camada. Ainda, os resultados macrográficos e as medições das ZAC apresentaram ótima convergência entre as análises experimental e numérica, validando o modelo proposto.
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