What determines the breeding success of colonial animals? Working with data from a long-term monitoring program at four Cinereous Vulture ( Aegypius monachus ) colonies in southern Spain, we evaluated the infl uence of environmental and population factors on breeding performance, both at the nest site and colony scale. At both scales, density-dependent processes regulated breeding productivity and were best explained by interference competition (i.e., at higher densities increased competition for resources reduced productivity). We also detected the existence of a trade-off between the benefi ts of coloniality and the disadvantages of nesting too close to conspecifi cs. We propose that this trade-off may play a role in defi ning how colonies are spatially structured in this and other colonial bird species.
2016-11-03T14:11:40
Given the growing importance of the entire re-use of excavated materials in linear infrastructures in order to minimise the affect on the environment by creating new loans or dumps, methods and procedures for exploiting materials are being developed that, in agreement with the Road specifications, are defined as marginal.The marginality of a ground can be due to its intrinsic clayey nature or to the presence of gypsum or soluble salts or organic material etc., or even of a grade distribution that cannot be adhered to the embankment or the mixed grade.A great amount of marginal materials that could be re-used by using an adequate procedure are clays. There exists the advantage that this ground is usually found in tertiary deposits on the Continent, and it is very abundant in the Iberian Peninsula. Rafael Pérez Arenas xvi LISTADO DE FOTOSFoto 5.1.-Vista de un rotobator (tomada de "Lime stabilization, TRB, 1987) Foto 5.2.-Estabilizadora Foto 5.3.-Vista de las picas del eje de rozado de una estabilizadora Foto 5.4.-Arado para espesor de tongada de 45 cm (tomada de "Lime stabilization, TRB, 1987) Foto 5.5.-Grada de rejas Foto 5.6.-Vista de una grada de discos (tomada de "Lime stabilization, TRB, 1987) Foto 5.7.-Pata de cabra o rodillo dentado (tomada de "Lime stabilization, TRB, 1987) Foto 5.8.-Cristales de ettringita Foto 5.9.-Foto de estructura con presencia de ettringita Foto 5.10.-Estructura suelo con abundancia de ettringita Foto 6.1.-Estructura de arcilla montmorillonítica Foto 6.2.-Estructura de arcilla montmorillonítica tratada con cal Foto 6.3.-Estructura arcilla con cal inmediatamente después del tratamiento Foto 6.4.-Estructura arcilla con cal después de 90 días de curado Foto 6.5.-Estructura de arcilla no tratada Foto 6.6.-Estructura de arcilla tratada con cal viva y sin maduración Foto 6.7.-Estructura arcilla tratada con ceniza volante Foto 6.8.-Estructura de arcilla tratada con cemento Foto 6.9.-Preparación de la probeta Foto 6.10.-Aislamiento de la muestra mediante envoltura plástica Foto 6.11.-Muestras aisladas sacadas de curado en estufa Foto 6.12.-Rotura en prensa de las muestras Foto 7.1.-Estructura a largo plazo de arcilla tratada con cal Foto 7.2.-Detalle de unión entre pantallas Foto 7.3.-Detalle de un puente de unión entre partículas Foto 7.4.-Estructura a largo plazo del suelo tratado Foto 7.5.-Detalle de uniones y crecimientos de protuberancias a largo plazo Foto 7.6.-Estructura a largo plazo de un suelo tratado con cemento y ceniza Foto 7.7.-Detalle de las protuberancias debidas a las cenizas producidas a largo plazo Foto 7.8.-Disgregación con pata de cabra Foto 7.9.-Disgregación con Rotobator IMPORTANCIA DEL ESTUDIO* La resistencia final que, de acuerdo con la experiencia acumulada, puede estimarse en torno a 30 años, puede ser superior en un 50% a la alcanzada en el primer año.Por tanto, salvo que existan elementos nocivos de reacción tardía, el fenómeno del tratamiento con cal hidratada va a producir una garantía de permanencia en el material, cuyas propiedades van siempre a ir mejorando s...
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