Through litter decomposition enormous amounts of carbon is emitted to the atmosphere. Numerous large-scale decomposition experiments have been conducted focusing on this fundamental soil process in order to understand the controls on the terrestrial carbon transfer to the atmosphere. However, previous studies were mostly based on site-specific litter and methodologies, adding major uncertainty to syntheses, comparisons and meta-analyses across different experiments and sites. In the TeaComposition initiative, the potential litter decomposition is investigated by using standardized substrates (Rooibos and Green tea) for comparison of litter mass loss at 336 sites (ranging from -9 to +26 °C MAT and from 60 to 3113 mm MAP) across different ecosystems. In this study we tested the effect of climate (temperature and moisture), litter type and land-use on early stage decomposition (3 months) across nine biomes. We show that litter quality was the predominant controlling factor in early stage litter decomposition, which explained about 65% of the variability in litter decomposition at a global scale. The effect of climate, on the other hand, was not litter specific and explained <0.5% of the variation for Green tea and 5% for Rooibos tea, and was of significance only under unfavorable decomposition conditions (i.e. xeric versus mesic environments). When the data were aggregated at the biome scale, climate played a significant role on decomposition of both litter types (explaining 64% of the variation for Green tea and 72% for Rooibos tea). No significant effect of land-use on early stage litter decomposition was noted within the temperate biome. Our results indicate that multiple drivers are affecting early stage litter mass loss with litter quality being dominant. In order to be able to quantify the relative importance of the different drivers over time, long-term studies combined with experimental trials are needed.

Neotropical coastal lagoons (NCL) are human-dominated ecosystems. Their distribution along densely populated coastal areas of developing countries makes these systems among the most threatened in the world. Here, we summarize some aspects of the causes and consequences of NCL biodiversity, their functioning, their importance to the surrounding populations, their fragility, and their responses to local and global anthropogenic impacts and the challenges that Neotropical countries face in conserving these systems. Although still scarce and geographically concentrated, a growing body of studies has shown that NCLs are physiographically diversified systems, which harbor a considerable and particular proportion of the Neotropical inland aquatic biodiversity. Despite the fact that coastal lagoons are ecotones that are intricately connected to surrounding environments, they develop mechanisms for structural and functional regulation, which confer to these systems higher productivity and carrying capacities than surrounding ecosystems. Such traits attract residential developments and subsidize local traditional populations with important economic and aesthetic ecosystem revenues such as fisheries and scenic beauty. However, the disorganized human occupation around NCLs are causing profound impacts such as eutrophication, salinization, exotic species introduction, as well as other effects, which are ultimately imposing major habitat degradations and biodiversity extirpations in NCLs. We argue that interdisciplinary conservation strategies, which integrate scientific expertise, government officials, private companies and the general public, are the most likely to overcome the geographic and economic obstacles to NCL conservation.Keywords: coastal ecosystems, ecosystem management, shallow lakes, human impacts, tropical limnology.Lagoas costeiras neotropicais: Uma apreciação sobre sua biodiversidade, funcionamento, principais ameaças e estratégias de conservação ResumoAs lagoas costeiras neotropicais (LCN) estão inseridas em um ambiente antropogênico. Sua localização em regiões costeiras densamente povoadas de países em desenvolvimento coloca estes ecossistemas entre os mais impactados do mundo. Neste trabalho, resumimos vários aspectos relacionados às causas e conseqüências da sua biodiversidade, seu funcionamento e os bens proporcionados à população do seu entorno. Sua fragilidade e as respostas a impactos humanos locais e globais, assim como os desafios para a sua conservação por países neotropicais, também são abordados. Apesar de escassos e geograficamente concentrados, um número crescente de estudos tem mostrado que as LCN são sistemas fisiograficamente diversificados, abrigando uma proporção considerável da biodiversidade dos ambientes aquáticos continentais neotropicais. Apesar de as lagoas costeiras representarem ecótonos bastante conectados ao ambiente adjacente, elas desenvolveram mecanismos próprios de regulação funcional e estrutural, conferindo uma maior produtividade e capacidade de suporte em relação...

Building bridges between environmental and political agendas is essential nowadays in face of the increasing human pressure on natural environments, including wetlands. Wetlands provide critical ecosystem services for humanity and can generate a considerable direct or indirect income to the local communities. To meet many of the sustainable development goals, we need to move our trajectory from the current environmental destructive development to a wiser wetland use. The current article contain a proposed agenda for the Pantanal aiming the improvement of public policy for conservation in the Pantanal, one of the largest, most diverse, and continuous inland wetland in the world. We suggest and discuss a list of 11 essential interfaces between science, policy, and development in region linked to the proposed agenda. We believe that a functional science network can booster the collaborative capability to generate creative ideas and solutions to address the big challenges faced by the Pantanal wetland.

The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the relative importance of habitat physical properties, bottom-up and top-down factors, and their interaction on algae biomass in tank-bromeliads. We sampled algae biomass (chlorophyll-a concentration), micro-metazoan density, mosquito abundance, and several environmental variables, including nutrient concentrations and characteristics of the habitat physical structure, in a survey of 64 tank-bromeliads of four different species (Aechmea nudicaulis, Aechmea lingulata, Neoregelia cruenta, and Vriesea neoglutinosa). We analyzed the complete and individual bromeliad species datasets using an information-theoretic model selection approach (Akaike's information criterion). Bromeliad species, maximum water volume, and bromeliad diameter comprised the best model for determining chlorophyll-a concentrations for the complete dataset. The maximum water volume also comprised the best model to explain chlorophyll-a concentrations in three of four bromeliad species datasets. Interactions between consumers and nutrient concentration were included in the subsequent models, but they were not statistically significant. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the impact of habitat size on the associated autotrophic biomass occurs possibly via changes in community susceptibility to disturbances, particularly drought. We can conclude that habitat size is more important than resource availability or herbivory on phytotelm autotrophic biomass regulation in these natural microcosms.

Temporal coherence (i.e., the degree of synchronicity of a given variable among ecological units within a predefined space) has been shown for several limnological features among temperate lakes, allowing predictions about the structure and function of ecosystems. However, there is little evidence of temporal coherence among tropical aquatic systems, where the climatic variability among seasons is less pronounced. Here, we used data from long-term monitoring of physical, chemical and biological variables to test the degree of temporal coherence among 18 tropical coastal lagoons. The water temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration had the highest and lowest temporal coherence among the lagoons, respectively, whereas the salinity and water colour had intermediate temporal coherence. The regional climactic factors were the main factors responsible for the coherence patterns in the water temperature and water colour, whereas the landscape position and morphometric characteristics explained much of the variation of the salinity and water colour among the lagoons. These results indicate that both local (lagoon morphometry) and regional (precipitation, air temperature) factors regulate the physical and chemical conditions of coastal lagoons by adjusting the terrestrial and marine subsidies at a landscape-scale. On the other hand, the chlorophyll-a concentration appears to be primarily regulated by specific local conditions resulting in a weak temporal coherence among the ecosystems. We concluded that temporal coherence in tropical ecosystems is possible, at least for some environmental features, and should be evaluated for other tropical ecosystems. Our results also reinforce that aquatic ecosystems should be studied more broadly to accomplish a full understanding of their structure and function.Keywords: synchrony, temporal coherence, local factors, regional factors, shallow lakes, coastal lagoons. Coerência temporal entre lagoas costeiras tropicais: uma busca por padrões e mecanismos ResumoA coerência temporal (i.e., o nível de sincronismo de uma dada variável ecológica entre unidades ecológicas) tem sido demonstrada para uma vasta gama de variáveis limnológicas em lagos de clima temperado, permitindo que predições sobre a estrutura e o funcionamento destes ecossistemas sejam realizadas. Entretanto, há pouca evidência da coerência temporal de variáveis limnológicas entre ecossistemas aquáticos tropicais, onde a variação climática é menos pronunciada entre as estações do ano. Neste estudo, utilizamos dados de longa duração do monitoramento de variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas para testar a ocorrência de coerência temporal entre 18 lagoas costeiras tropicais. A temperatura da água e a concentração de clorofila-a apresentaram, respectivamente, a maior e a menor coerência temporal entre as lagoas, enquanto que a salinidade e a coloração da água apresentaram padrões intermediários. Fatores climáticos regionais foram os principais fatores responsáveis pelos padrões de coerência da temperatura e coloração d...