The water requirements of the wheat crop are represented by the actual evapotranspiration, which depends on the meteorological data of the study area and the amount of water consumed during the season. Estimation of crop coefficients (Kc) and evapotranspiration (ETc) using remote sensing data is essential for decision-making regarding water management in irrigated areas in arid and semi-arid large-scale areas. This research aims to estimate the crop coefficient calculated from remote sensing data and the actual evapotranspiration values for the crop. The FAO Penman-Monteith equation has been used to estimate the reference evapotranspiration from meteorological data. Linear regression analysis was applied by developing prediction equations for the crop coefficient for different growth stages of comparing with the vegetation cover index (NDVI). The results showed that (R 2 = 0.98) between field crop coefficient and crop coefficient predicted from (Kc = 2.0114 NDVI-0.147) in addition to (RMSE = 0.92 and (d = 0.97).

A field experiment was conducted in Babil governorate to find out the effect of water tightening with different irrigation levels and fertilization with different urea levels on water consumption of pests and some of its characteristics. Agricultural land was selected and prepared for cultivation and the field was divided. It was treated with three levels of irrigation, which are (30, 50, 70) % of the ready water, and three levels of urea, which are (0, 50, 100) kg urea. After the end of the experiment, the actual water consumption, the reference water consumption and the yield factor were calculated. The water consumption was (562, 482, 382) mm for each of the levels of irrigation (30, 50, 70)% of the prepared water, respectively. As for the characteristics of the plant, it was found that the best treatment that achieved good productive and vegetative characteristics is the treatment of depletion of 30% and the level of urea 100 kg, as the values reached (75.3, 83.2, 20, 5284) for each of the plant height, dry weight, number of branches and seed yield respectively.. The water stress reduces plant productivity due to water stress, as well as the high level of urea, which helped improve plant properties.

A field experiment was carried out in the area of Al-Mahtahia in Babil province. The experiment was aimed at studying the effect of using different levels of plant waste (wheat straw) as organic fertilizer and using different water types (river water, drainage water and well water) In the growth and yield of pepper and some chemical soil properties measured. Use Randomized Complete Block Design was used to implement the experiment. The results showed that the values of plant height were 52.33 cm, 25 fruit / plant for fruit number, 24.11 sp. For chlorophyll and 54.24 g / fruit for the weight of thyme, adding organic matter to 20 ton / ha. It was also the highest value for the use of different irrigation water when using the river water and all the characteristics of the plant as its values in plant height 52.76 cm compared to other water types. As for the chemical soil properties, the results showed that the effect of adding the organic matter on the Ph soil, which was 7.3 when adding organic matter to the level of 20 tons / ha compared with the comparison treatment, which amounted to 7.7 g / kg. Soil salinity values were 4.5 ds.m-1 when organic matter was added to the 20 ton / ha level compared with the comparison treatment of 3.4 ds.m-1, and the organic matter values were 2.267 g.kg-1 When adding organic matter to the level 20 ton / ha compared to the comparison treatment of 0.86 g.kg-1. Interaction between straw and water quality was found to have a good effect in reducing the salinity effect of water used by wheat straw.

This study was carried out to show the extent to which the land is productive due to the effect that climatic changes and the increase in population growth are the reasons that led to an increase in the demand for food, especially in developing countries. Therefore, a scientific way must assess the land suitability for growing crops. This research aimed to provide an integrated approach to the process of analyzing the suitability of agricultural lands for crop growth. Wheat in the Nile region of Babylon Governorate, was studied using the analytical hierarchy model (AHP) and compared with the parametric method and the actual crop in the field, as twelve soil criteria were determined (electrical conductivity, soil interaction, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable sodium ratio, soil texture, lime, gypsum, organic carbon, drainage, soil depth, slope, flooding) and three criteria were added in the AHP method due to their importance in Iraqi soils, which are (total nitrogen, availability phosphorus, crop variety). The results were extracted and showed that all the results of the study using the parametric method within the very unsuitable class for cultivation, N2, 72.5%, with an area of 37,734.07 hectares, and the unsuitable class, N1, 27.5%, with an area of 14,312.92 hectares, either by using the method. According to the analytical hierarchy process and giving varying importance to the soil criteria above, it was found that 37.5% are very suitable S1 with an area of 19517.62 hectares, 42.5% suitable for agriculture S2 with an area of 22119.97 hectares, and 20% moderately suitable S3 with an area of 10409.4 hectares. These results were similar to the agricultural reality of the regions under study.

This study was conducted in order to assess the water quality of 12 wells for irrigation purposes in Karbala Governorate, central Iraq. Well water samples scattered throughout the governorate were collected and analyzed chemically and physically. And by comparing the results with the Iraqi determinants of irrigation water, as the values of pH, positive ions (K + , Na + , Mg +2 , Ca +2 ) and negative ions (Cl -, SO 4 -2 , HCO 3 -) are within the above determinants for all wells, as for electrical conductivity (EC) It is within the determinants of all wells, and dissolved salts (TDS) are higher than the determinants of all wells. According to the American Salinity Laboratory, 5 wells are classified as C4S1, 5 wells are classified as C4S2, one well is classified as C4S3, and one well is classified as C3S1, meaning that most of the well water had a high sodium content. By comparing the classification of the Food and Agriculture Organization, it was found that most of the wells were highly saline and all wells had very soluble salts, except for some of them are medium. Therefore, from what was presented in the study of well water, solutions and ways must be found to improve the use of this water for irrigation purposes by reducing the sodium and salinity values for this water.