Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center (SNAIC), East Java is one of the most important Government Institution which produces frozen semen from elite bulls and distributes it to overall Indonesia regions of the most part and to overseas of the other small part. The local elite bulls at SNAIC were originated and selected from the population based on the phenotypic characteristics and pedigrees. While the exotic breed was originated from the certified elite bulls from company in overseas. This paper was aimed to review the consistency of semen production of elite bulls over the years from 2012 to 2018. The semen production was controlled by the age of bulls. The semen volume was quite low from the age of 2 – 4 years old, increased from 5 – 8 years old, and reached maximum volume by 9 years old and forward. The individual motility of sperm was low in first phase of semen collection by age of 2 years and then reached stable motility from the age of 3 years old and forward. While the sperm concentration was stable normal and not affected the age of bulls, ranged from 1004 ± 289 to 1124 ± 306 (x106) sperm / ml. When the body weight was grouped as low, medium and high, the semen volume, sperm motility and sperm concentration per ml were significantly increased in all parameters. The semen could be collected continuously by months over year although the ejaculate volume and sperm motility were significant different three monthly might be due to the different climate and quality of consumed feed. The higher semen production was during the period of October – December and the lowest was from January to March. The semen production during the periods of April – June was similar to those from July – September. In conclusion, by excluding the feed and feeding factors, the semen production of elite bulls at Singosari National Insemination Center (SNAIC) were affected by age of bulls, body weight and months of semen collection.

Reproduction in domestic animal is a very complex process. The process starts from gamete formation, release, gamete transport, fertilization, embryo and fetal development until delivery of the offspring by the dam. Reproduction holds the most important role in determining the success of livestock farming, profit or loss. The genetic selection of the reproductive traits became an important program to find out the merit candidate dam and bulls. At early time, the selection for reproduction traits was based on the visually phenotypic performance, and this is maintained for long time until present time. In the next phase, the values of heritability for reproduction traits was chosen as a basis of selection. The molecular aspect used for reproductive mechanism and expression was noted beginning in the 2000s using Polymerase Chain Reaction – Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). The newest technique is to explore not only the role of DNA in the programming the reproductive mechanism, but the the expression of gen (nucleic DNA) at the Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) at the outside level of the cell nucleus. Keywords: genetic factor, genetic material, SNP, reproduction process

Reproduction in most important factor determining the effectivity of the goat farming trough the success of increasing number of animal in the herd or population. Reproduction performance is the phenotypic trait and those more influenced by management factor than by genetic factor. However, the Indonesian local goat was reported having high adaptability and tolerance to the tropical climate with high environmental daily temperature and humidity, low quality feed and some parasites. This paper reviews the reproduction performances of local goats under intensive management in the company and when those kept by small holder farmers. The data analysis showed that the reproductive parameters in intensively were higher than those of managed by small farmers (Service per Conception, litter size, pre-weaning mortality, and birth weight), the weaning weight were similar in both groups, while Days Open and Kidding Interval were significant lower in intensive farming than those maintained by small farmers as well as extensive farming. In conclusion, the reproduction performances that were controlled by good management system, good feeding and management will improve service per conception, litter size, birth weight, and reduced pre-weaning mortality, while on the other hands, the extensive farming increased the performances of days open and kidding interval time.

Madura and Bali cattle are two of Indonesian indigenous breeds. One possible method to increase their productivity is through artificial insemination (AI) using frozen semen. This study conducted at the Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center, East Java, Indonesia, to evaluate the semen characteristics of different bull breeds ranging in age from 7 to 10 years and to provide useful recommendations regarding the efficacy of older cattle. A total of 2016 ejaculation data recorded from Indonesian indigenous cattle (Madura and Bali bulls) and Bos taurus bulls (Simmental) were used in this study to analyze semen volume, sperm motility, and sperm concentration. Results revealed differences in semen volume, sperm motility, and sperm concentration among bull breeds (p < 0.05). Simmental bulls have the highest semen volume (p < 0.05) compared with Bali and Madura bulls. Base on sperm motility, Bali bulls showed the highest average value (p < 0.05) compared with Simmental and Madura bulls. Sperm concentration was the highest (p < 0.05) among Bali bulls compared with Simmental and Madura bulls. Another important finding was that the average semen volume, sperm motility, and sperm concentration of older bulls fulfilled the standard criteria established for frozen semen processing. Therefore, it would be possible to improve the performance of these breeds through artificial insemination using frozen semen of Madura and Bali bulls, which can be more widely distributed to farmers to increase their herd productivity. This study also indicates that Indonesian indigenous bulls have superior semen characteristics than Simmental bulls.

Ongole Grade cattle is one of local cattle in Indonesia.This study was aimed to analyze the effect of bull age and season on semen quality of Ongole Grade cattles macroscopically (sperm motility, and sperm concentration) and microscopically (semen ejaculate volume) to support the policy and management on improvement of semen production. Data were collected from 533 ejaculates of 10 bulls aged 3, 4, and 5 yr at Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center(SNAIC). The 4-year-old bulls hadhighestsperm motiliy and semen ejaculate volume. The lowest ejaculate volume was reported in Ongole Gradecattlesaged 3 yr. Sperm motility and concentrationweresignificantly higher (P<0.01) in wet season than dry season. In conclusion, the bull age and season should be considered by Singosari National Artificial Insemination Centerwhen collecting the semen, especially on bulls aged 3 yr old and in dry season.