The prospective design of this study, sample size, and randomization increases the likelihood that our estimates are accurate and increase the generalizability of our findings. Most DRPs attributed to hospital admissions or visits were avoidable. Direct patient contact with pharmacist and family physician was beneficial in providing a safe and effective therapy. Corrective, preventive and educational strategies should concentrate on the most frequently reported populations, diseases and medications. The study addresses the proper use of medications to ensure the best outcomes of pharmacological interventions. Finally, more studies with longer duration focusing on DRPs in Saudi Arabia are needed.

Abstract. Thymoquinone (TQ), obtained from black cumin (Nigella sativa), is a natural product with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects but unfortunately with poor bioavailability. Aiming to improve its poor oral bioavailability, TQ-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were prepared by high-speed homogenization followed by ultrasonication and evaluated in vitro. Bioavailability and pharmacodynamic studies were also performed. The resultant NLCs showed poor physical homogeneity in Compritol 888 ATO Pluronic F127 system which consequently produced larger particle size and polydispersity index, smaller zeta potential values, and lower short-term (30 days) physical stability than other systems. Encapsulation efficiency percentage (EE%) lied between 84.6±5% and 96.2±1.6%. TQ AUC 0-t values were higher in animals treated with NLCs, with a relative bioavailability of 2.03-and 3.97-fold (for F9 and F12, respectively) higher than TQ suspension, indicating bioavailability enhancement by NLC formulation. Hepatoprotective effects of F12 showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in both serum alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase to reach 305.0±24.88 and 304.7±23.55 U/ml, respectively, when compared with untreated toxic group. Anti-oxidant efficacy of F12 showed significant (P<0.05) decline of malondialdehyde and elevation of reduced glutatione. This improvement was also confirmed histopathologically.

A variety of voltammetric methods have been carried out for determination of brexpiprazole (BRX) using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and two different type anodic stripping methods; differential pulse (AS-DP) and square wave (AS-SWV) at modified carbon paste electrode with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs-CPEs). Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique has been utilized for characterization of the different electrodes. Electrochemical oxidation behavior of BRX shows an irreversible anodic peak at 0.88 V versus Ag/AgCl, in Britton-Robinson buffer (BR) at pH 4.0, 50s preconcentration time and −0.5 deposition potential. Rectilinear relationship between the peak current versus concentration was obtained over the ranges of 1.32 × 10 −6 -6.45 × 10 −6 and 1.32 × 10 −7 -6.45 × 10 −7 mol L −1 for AS-DP and AS-SWV respectively. The lowest concentration that can be detected for both for AS-DP and AS-SWV was 3.99 × 10 −7 and 3.32 × 10 −8 mol L −1 respectively; the utilized methods have been devoted adequately for the estimation of BRX in its pure and dosage form.

For a variety of applications, the brass alloy has been utilized to replace titanium tubes in heat exchangers. Copper alloys’ high corrosion rate during the acid cleaning procedure remains a significant concern. To inhibit the corrosion of brass alloys, we prepared two novel gemini surfactants (GSs), N 1 , N 3 -dibenzyl- N 1 , N 1 , N 3 , N 3 -tetramethylpropane-1,3-diaminium tetrafluoroborate (I H) and N 1 , N 1 , N 3 , N 3 -tetramethyl- N 1 , N 3 -bis (4-methyl benzyl) propane-1,3-diaminium tetrafluoroborate (I Me), and they were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Their inhibition performance against corrosion of brass alloys in 1 M HCl was studied using electrochemical techniques including potentiodynamic polarization (PP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrochemical frequency modulation. The inhibition effect of the synthesized compounds was high, and it increased as the inhibitor’s concentration was increased. The maximum level of inhibition efficiency was achieved at an inhibitor concentration of 100 ppm, reaching 96.42% according to PP measurements. From Langmuir data, the mechanisms of adsorption of the two GSs on the surface of copper was found to be physisorption and chemisorption adsorption. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy show that the addition of the two compounds lowers the dissolution of brass ions in the corrosive solution and forms a protective layer on the surface of the brass.