The development of neuron cells in vagal nerve nuclei in medulla oblongata was studied in vitro in live newborns and stillborns from different cases. Morphological changes were studied in respiratory nuclei of dorsal motor centre (DMNV) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in medulla oblongata. The material from medulla oblongata was fixated in 10 micro buffered formalin solution. Fixated material was cut in series of 10mu thickness, with starting point from obex in +/- 4 mm thickness. Special histochemical and histoenzymatic methods for central nervous system were used: cresyl echt violet coloring, tolyidin blue, Sevier-Munger modification and Grimelius coloring. In immature newborns (abortions and immature) in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) population stages S1, S2, S3 are dominant. In neuron population in vagal sensory nuclei (NTS) stages S1, S2 are dominant. In more advanced stages of development of newborns (premature), in DMNV stages S3 and S4 are seen and in NTS stages S2 and S3 are dominant. In mature phase of newborns (maturity) in vagal nucleus DMNV stages S5 and S6 are dominant, while in sensory nucleus NTS stages S4 and S5 are dominant. These data suggest that neuron population in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) are more advanced in neuronal maturity in comparison with sensory neuron population of vagal sensory nucleus NTS. This occurrence shows that phylogenetic development of motor complex is more advanced than the sensory one, which is expected to take new information's from the extra uterine life after birth (extra uterine vagal phenotype).

Introduction and aim:The role of Helicobacter pylori in esophageal disease has not been clearly defined. To clarify this issue, we analyzed 120 patients with histologically confirmed esophageal disease.Material and methods:In this prospective study, 120 patients who underwent upper endoscopy examination were included; among them 70 patients with clinically, endoscopically and histologically confirmed GERD, and 50 patients with BE. This investigation was performed in the Clinic of Gastrohepatology in Prishtina, during the period: June 2009–December 2011. Each patient was investigated for H. pylori infection, by performing biopsy for HUT test.Results:In BE group, H. pylori infection was present in 16.0% of patients. In GERD group, H. pylori infection was present in 42.9%, and in patients of the control group, in 52.0% of cases. So, in BE group, the prevalence of H. pylori infection showed less significant difference, compared to the control group (P = 0.003) and in GERD group (P = 0.0035). Between GERD group and the control group there was no significant difference (GERD vs. G control. P = 0.421).Conclusion:The prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with BE (16%) was lower in comparison with patients with GERD (42.9%) and with control group (p <0.01). The prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with BE, especially those with LSBE (9.1%) was very low, which indicates a possible protective role of this microorganism.

AIM:Here we studied the role of meconium in the respiratory system on live and exited newborns (weight 250-3000 g). Throughout this study is followed the response of tracheal rings in acetylcholine and histamine in different molar concentrations (10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4 mol/dm3).METHODS:To study the smooth tracheal musculature we used 23 tracheal preparations obtained from the newborns exited from meconium aspiration.RESULTS:Based on the functional analysis of the tracheal specimen we have concluded that the meconium aspiration did not change the smooth musculature response on acetylcholine and histamine when compared to control group, exited from lung inflammatory processes (e.g., pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, atelectasis, cerebral hemorrhage), where tracheal smooth musculature response is significant (P for other causes is not significant (P > 0.01).CONCLUSION:The conclusions suggest that meconium did not potentiate the constrictor action of acetylcholine and histamine in the tracheobronchial system and did not cause modulation of bronchomotor tonus in case of his aspiration. Meconium causes mild relaxation of smooth tracheal musculature with a mechanism which is not mediated by cyclooxygenase products, from tracheal epithelium or proteins. Also, direct activity in the smooth musculature of several tested acids seems to have no significant impact in increasing the tonus of respiratory airway of smooth tracheal musculature.

Volume density of respiratory organs was studied in vitro in newborn babies at diff erent age of gestation (abort, immature, premature and mature) using stereometric method. Th e total of  cases was subject to this study. Th e respiratory organs (trachea, lungs) were taken from autopsies of newborn babies exited from diff erent causes. For this purpose the tissues were fi xed in formalin () solution, cut serially in μ and μ slabs. Volume density of the respiratory system was assessed stereometricaly using Universal testing system Weibel M . We observed that volume density of epithelia, musculature and glands were proportionally present in the tracheal tissue. Cellular interstitial tissue is consistently increasing and corresponds to the developmental stages of the newborn babies. : THE STUDY OF VOLUME DENSITY OF TRACHEAL GANGLIONS IN VITRO IN NEW BORN BABIES WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROMETh e density of tracheal ganglions is greater in premature ages of immature and premature newborns (p<,). Decreased number of ganglion cells is observed in mature ages (p<,). Th is is caused by intensive ramifi cation of ganglions from serosa to deeper layers of trachea right to epithelium. Medium diameter of tracheal ganglions is greater in mature newborn babies and corresponds to developmental ages of babies.

Th e role of meconium in the respiratory system was studied in newborns, who died from various causes ( up to  g of weight). We monitored tracheal rings response to dopamine, serotonin and ethanol in diff erent concentrations (dopamine: , mg/ml, , mg/ml,  mg/ml; serotonin (-HT):  - ,  - ,  - ,  - mol/dm  ; ethanol: , ml, , ml, , ml; ). Tracheal smooth musculature tonus (TSM) was examined in  tracheal preparations taken after the newborn exitus due to diff erent reasons. Based on functional researche of isolated preparations of tracheas, it may be concluded that: aspiration of meconium has not changed the response of TSM to dopamine, serotonin and ethanol (p>,) in comparison with the control group, which have died due to diff erent lung infl ammatory processes (e.g. pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, atelectasis, cerebral hemorrhage). Th e results suggest that meconium does not potentiate the constricting action of dopamine, serotonin and ethanol in tracheobronchial system. Meconium causes mild relaxation of the TSM through a mechanism that is not intermediated by the products of cyclooxygenases (prostaglandins, prostacyclins) from the tracheal epithelium or proteins. Also, as it seems, the direct activity of many tested acids in the smooth musculature has no signifi cant impact on increase of the airways tonus in MAS syndrome. ROLE OF MECONIUM