Citation for published item:wqovernD F rF nd ¡ esteinssonD yF nd pririkssonD eF nd ghurhD wF tF nd vwsonD sF F nd impsonD sF eF nd iinrssonD eF nd hugmoreD eF tF nd gookD qF F nd erdikrisD F nd idwrdsD uF tF nd homsonD eF wF nd edderleyD F F nd xewtonD eF tF nd vusD qF nd idvrdssonD F nd eldredD yF nd hunrD iF @PHHUA 9vndspes of settlement in northern selnd X historil eology of humn impt nd limte )utution on the millennil sleF9D emerin nthropologistFD IHW @IAF ppF PUESIF Further information on publisher's website: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. T H O M A S H . M c G O V E R N , O R R I VÉ S T E I N S S O N , A D O L F F R I -D R I K S S O N , M I K E C H U R C H , I A N L AW S O N , I A N A . S I M P S O N , A R N I E I N A R S S

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) vertebrae from archaeological sites were used to study the history of the Icelandic Atlantic cod population in the time period of 1500-1990. Specifically, we used coalescence modelling to estimate population size and fluctuations from the sequence diversity at the cytochrome b (cytb) and Pantophysin I (PanI) loci. The models are consistent with an expanding population during the warm medieval period, large historical effective population size (N E ), a marked bottleneck event at 1400-1500 and a decrease in N E in early modern times. The model results are corroborated by the reduction of haplotype and nucleotide variation over time and pairwise population distance as a significant portion of nucleotide variation partitioned across the 1550 time mark. The mean age of the historical fished stock is high in medieval times with a truncation in age in early modern times. The population size crash coincides with a period of known cooling in the North Atlantic, and we conclude that the collapse may be related to climate or climate-induced ecosystem change.

37Archaeological records provide a unique source of direct data on long-term human-38 environment interactions and samples of ecosystems affected by differing degrees of human 39 impact. Distributed long-term datasets from archaeological sites provide a significant contribution 40 to establish local, regional, and continental-scale environmental baselines and can be used to 41 understand the implications of human decision-making and its impacts on the environment and the 42 resources it provides for human use. Deeper temporal environmental baselines are essential for 43 resource and environmental managers to restore biodiversity and build resilience in depleted 44 ecosystems. Human actions are likely to have impacts that reorganize ecosystem structures by 45 reducing diversity through processes such as niche construction. This makes data from 46 archaeological sites key assets for the management of contemporary and future climate change 47 scenarios because they combine information about human behavior, environmental baselines, and 48 biological systems. Sites of this kind collectively form Distributed Long-term Observing Networks 49 of the Past (DONOP), allowing human behavior and environmental impacts to be assessed over 50 space and time. Behavioral perspectives are gained from direct evidence of human actions in 51 response to environmental opportunities and change. Baseline perspectives are gained from data 52 on species, landforms, and ecology over timescales that long predate our typically recent datasets 53 that only record systems already disturbed by people. And biological perspectives can provide 54 essential data for modern managers wanting to understand and utilize past diversity (i.e., trophic 55 and/or genetic) as a way of revealing, and potentially correcting, weaknesses in our contemporary 56 wild and domestic animal populations. 57 58