Carbon materials and their allotropes have been involved significantly in our daily lives. Zero-dimensional (0D) fullerenes, one-dimensional (1D) carbon materials, and two-dimensional (2D) graphene materials have distinctive properties and thus received immense attention from the early 2000s. To meet the growing demand for these materials in applications like energy storage, electrochemical catalysis, and environmental remediation, the special category, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) structures assembled from graphene sheets, has been developed. Graphene oxide is a chemically altered graphene, the desired building block for 3D graphene matter (i.e., 3D graphene macrostructures). A simple synthesis route and pore morphologies make 3D reduced-graphene oxide (rGO) a major candidate for the 3D graphene group. To obtain target-specific 3D rGO, its synthesis mechanism plays an important role. Hence, in this article, we will discuss the general mechanism for 3D rGO synthesis, vital procedures for fabricating advanced 3D rGO, and important aspects controlling the growth of 3D rGO.

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Ruthenium has numerous properties, while platinumbased compounds , have served as very successful anti-cancer drugs, they have several limitations including their side effects as well as ineffectiveness against certain types of cancer. Though most ruthenium complexes are only in the beginning stages of the approval process for anti-cancer drugs, many of their properties may give them advantages over many platinum-based drugs now in use. Herein, the recent literature is reviewed critically to ascertain likely mechanisms of action of Ru-based anticancer drugs, with the emphasis on their reactions with biological media. This diversity of modes of action of Ru anticancer drugs is also likely to enhance their anticancer activities and to reduce the potential for them to develop tumour resistance. Ruthenium have several chemical properties, these chemical properties are very useful for anticancer drug design. Ruthenium compounds have various type of advantages as metallodrugs because of lower toxicity emerging as a new and different therapeutic alternatives to platinum drugs. Ruthenium has unique properties which make it particularly useful in drug design. In this overall review we discuss ruthenium from a clinical stance and anticancer drug design uses of ruthenium-based compounds.

Ionic liquids (ILs), known as green designer solvents, have shown tremendous application potential in various elds of science and technology. Their unusual and unique physicochemical properties have attracted researchers worldwide from interdisciplinary research areas. ILs possess high boiling point and low volatility, that makes them suitable environmentally benign candidates for many potential applications. The more important aspect associated with ILs is their physicochemical properties can be effectively changed for desired applications just by tuning the structure of the cationic and/or anionic part of ILs. Furthermore, these environmentally benign designer materials can be used as both electrolytes as well as solvents depending on the requirement. Owing to thedistinctive properties such as low volatility, high thermal and electrochemical stability, better ionic conductivity, ILs are nowadays immensely used in variety of energy applications, particularly in the development of green and sustainable energy storage and conversion devices. Suitable ILs are designed for speci c purposesto be used as electrolytes and/or solvents for fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors(SCs) and solar cells. Herein, we have highlighted the utilization of ILs as unique green designer materials in Li-batteries, fuel cells,SCs and solar cells. This review will enlighten the promising prospects of these unique environmentally sustainable materials for next-generation green energy conversion and storage devices.

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