Humans are increasingly exposed to structural analogues of bisphenol A (BPA), as BPA is being replaced by these compounds in BPA-free consumer products. We have previously shown that chronic and developmental exposure to BPA is associated with increased prostate cancer (PCa) risk in human and animal models. Here we examine whether exposure of PCa cells (LNCaP, C4-2) to low-dose BPA and its structural analogues (BPS, BPF, BPAF, TBBPA, DMBPA and TMBPA) affects centrosome amplification (CA), a hallmark of cancer initiation and progression. We found that exposure to BPA, BPS, DMBPA and TBBPA in descending order, increased number of cells with CA, in a non-monotonic dose-response manner. Furthermore, cells treated with BPA and these analogues initiated centrosome duplication at 8h post-release from serum-starvation, significantly earlier in G-1 phase than control cells. This response was attended by earlier release of nucleophosmin from unduplicated centrosomes. BPA exposed cells exhibited increased expression of cyclin dependent kinase CDK6, and decreased expression of CDK inhibitors (p21Waf1/CIP1, p27KIP1). Using specific antagonists for estrogen/androgen receptors, CA in presence of BPA or its analogues was likely to be mediated via ESR1 signaling. Change in microtubule dynamics was observed on exposure to these analogues, which, for BPA, was accompanied by increased expression of centrosome-associated protein CEP350. Similar to BPA, chronic treatment of cells with DMBPA, but not other analogues, resulted in enhancement of anchorage-independent growth. We thus conclude that selected BPA analogues, similar to BPA, disrupt centrosome function and microtubule organization, with DMBPA displaying the broadest spectrum of cancer-promoting effects.

Gestational high butterfat (HFB) and/or endocrine disruptor exposure was previously found to disrupt spermatogenesis in adulthood. This study addresses the data gap in our knowledge regarding transgenerational transmission of the disruptive interaction between a high-fat diet and endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA). F0 generation Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing butterfat (10 kcal%) and high in butterfat (39 kcal%, HFB) with or without BPA (25 µg/kg body weight/day) during mating and pregnancy. Gestationally exposed F1-generation offspring from different litters were mated to produce F2 offspring, and similarly, F2-generation animals produced F3-generation offspring. One group of F3 male offspring was administered either testosterone plus estradiol-17β (T + E2) or sham via capsule implants from postnatal days 70 to 210. Another group was naturally aged to 18 months. Combination diets of HFB + BPA in F0 dams, but not single exposure to either, disrupted spermatogenesis in F3-generation adult males in both the T + E2-implanted group and the naturally aged group. CYP19A1 localization to the acrosome and estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) localization to the nucleus were associated with impaired spermatogenesis. Finally, expression of methyl-CpG-binding domain-3 (MBD3) was consistently decreased in the HFB and HFB + BPA exposed F1 and F3 testes, suggesting an epigenetic component to this inheritance. However, the severe atrophy within testes present in F1 males was absent in F3 males. In conclusion, the HFB + BPA group demonstrated transgenerational inheritance of the impaired spermatogenesis phenotype, but severity was reduced in the F3 generation.

Percutaneous chest tube placement is a relatively common procedure that can be performed by multiple specialties. Chest tube insertion is frequently performed by interventional radiologists (IRs) due to the advantage of imaging guidance including ultrasound (US), fluoroscopy, and computed tomography (CT) which allow for precise placement not achieved with bedside insertion techniques. Chest tube management is increasingly conducted by IRs, signifying the importance of a greater understanding of chest tube management and troubleshooting, especially for IR trainees. This manuscript is specifically tailored for the IR trainees to provide an overview of chest tube management. The practical considerations detailing the entire chest tube process are covered such as indications, technique, relevant anatomy, collection devices, commonly used catheters, postprocedural complications, lytic therapy, and troubleshooting. This guide aims to help the IR trainees feel more confident in chest tube placement and periprocedural care.