Objectives: Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban are nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) approved for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Phase-3 clinical trials demonstrated NOACs were as effective as warfarin in the prevention of stroke or systemic embolism and associated with decreased incidences of intracranial bleeding. Additionally, NOACs provide quicker onset of action, simpler dosing, more predictable pharmacokinetic profiles, and decreased food and drug interactions compared with warfarin. Despite the advantages of NOACs, the lack of knowledge may limit their use in clinical practice. Methods: A search was performed on the terms ‘atrial fibrillation' and ‘dabigatran', ‘apixaban', ‘edoxaban', or ‘rivaroxaban' to identify relevant papers; large randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, and treatment guideline recommendations were given preference. Searches to identify registries, treatment guidelines, and meta-analyses relevant to patient subgroups were also employed. Results: Dosing recommendations, initiation of treatment, and applications in patients who undergo NVAF procedures, have mechanical heart valves, or experience other cardiovascular conditions such as myocardial infarction, previous stroke, and valvular heart disease are summarized. The NOAC-specific reversal approaches are also discussed. Conclusions: Several important factors should be considered regarding the adequate use of NOACs, especially in patients with renal impairment or cardiovascular conditions other than NVAF.

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Experiments were carried out using a strong acid cation exchange resin with a particle size of 75-150 μm, termed as "fine resin" in hydrogen ion form for the elution of individual lanthanides Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, and Dy that are produced as fission products in the spent nuclear fuel and generated in the effluent during reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Batch experiments were carried out to study the effect of concentration of nitric acid on distribution coefficient. The distribution coefficient values for these individual lanthanides were determined in nitric acid medium in the concentration range of 0.01-4.0 N. Uptake of each individual lanthanide by resin was increased with increased nitric acid concentration from 0.01 to 0.5 N and remained similar from 0.5 to 1.0 N and decreased thereafter up to 4.0 N. Column experiments were also carried out using the same resin to study the parameters like pH of the eluent, flow rate, and resin bed height under isocratic elution conditions for eluting lanthanide elements using α-hydroxyisobutyric acid as eluent. The results of this study have indicated the possibility for the elution of individual lanthanides.

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