This research was conducted to determine the initial literacy activities carried out by parents, family members, and caregivers at home. The research method used for this study is a systematic review that is implemented by capturing articles concerned in the research topic published between 2009–2019 through two electronic search engines, Science Direct and Sage Journals. Furthermore, article extractions were carried out to filter out articles that were relevant to the research question (n = 9) with five articles with mother-child participants, 1 article with caregiver-child participants, and three articles with mother or father-child participants. Data analysis in this study is done by narrative synthesis analysis. The results of this study show several activities, i.e., shared reading or book reading, grocery games, writing letters, spelling, drawing pictures, and writing spontaneously. The most popular activity is the shared reading or reading book, which has more impact on the type of book and parent involvement. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed in this paper.

Nowadays, there are many graduates who are not directly employed after receiving bachelor’s degree. The graduates who are not employed seem largely unaware of career opportunities and unsure of how to apply their skills in the workforce. This indicates a lack of career guidance, coaching and counselling. This research aims to study people’s preferences on determining their jobs by using conjoint analysis. Four factors are evaluated: (1) income, (2) suitability of the workplace with educational background, (3) field of works, and (4) working hours, which has different level category values. Monotonic analysis of variance is used to analyze the data and the results are (1) utility value which is useful to know the most desirable level of each attribute and (2) its relative importance value to know the most considered attribute on determining their jobs. The full profile method of conjoint analysis shows that income is the most considered attribute value.