Identification and differentiation of morphologically similar species have been a significant challenge to taxonomists due to a higher degree of similarity in their physical appearances leading to make the taxonomic investigation more complex. Such a problem is more common in invertebrate soil animals such as earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei) since their identification requires observation of morphological characters that are very difficult and complex to visualize, especially in the case of sibling or subspecies. In this review, we assessed the utility of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as a molecular marker for identification and differentiation among these species. We achieved this by analyzing their phylogeny using the neighbor-joining method and Automated Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) by retrieving 84 COI sequences from NCBI. As a result, we found that the identification and differentiation success of Eisenia fetida was 96.42%, whereas, for Eisenia andrei, it was 100%. Besides, ABGD analysis suggested that the species failed to give a distinct barcode gap, and the partition pattern may be due to probable misidentification leading to generate discordance among results of ABGD and NJ tree. Finally, we suggest that the multiloci approach of the mitochondrial genome can be used to solve this taxonomic ambiguity making the molecular identification system more reliable and comprehensive fulfilling need of growing biodiversity conservation programs on a global scale. However, although the DNA based identification system in which many researchers used various molecular markers for species identification, Hebert [14] proposed the use of a partial fragment

Engineering is the branch that covers many areas leading to a discipline termed as synthetic biology. The researchers made possible engineering at genetic level of bacteriophages which are well known for killing bacteria although they develop resistance against bacteriophages resulting into challenges in disease control programs. The genetic alterations give new characters to the phage which may be helpful to bring vital changes in phage science. In this review, we have investigated the genetic modification of bacteriophages with its applications.

From many years, different viruses such as SARS-CoV2 have been a genuine threat to the world that wiped away thousands to millions people from the earth. Since the advent of viral diseases, vaccines have been proved as the ultimate solution to eradicate or prevent them from spreading to the larger population. Although it takes many of years to develop a potential vaccine, it is more effective in reducing viral spread. After the outbreak of SARS-CoV2, scientists around the globe are struggling to develop vaccines to stop its spread and help the people who are seriously ill. In this paper, we have evaluated current status of vaccine development to treat the virus under study.

Harms caused by parasites such as mosquitoes are one of the severe health problems of people, particularly in those areas where unhygienic environmental conditions exist. The diseases caused by these insects lead to many severe diseases and even deaths affecting public health along with social economy and welfare. Consequently, the development of the successful implementation of identification and controlling strategies of these parasite species is one of the challenges of health departments of many nations in the globe. However, effective eradication of disease-causing mosquito specimens, especially immature or damaged individuals, is possible by molecular identification. As a result, cytochrome oxydase c subunit I (COI) gene-based method can play a role in identifying and assigning taxa to mosquito species and has worldwide importance. In sequence, in this review, we assessed the occurrence, spread of diseases, and COI gene-based identification status of mosquito species (Anopheles annularis, Armigeres subalbatus, Mansonia annulifera, Mansonia uniformis, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles subpictus, Culex gelidus, Ochlerotatus sp., and Anopheles fluviatilis T) as well as their control measures along with role of DNA barcoding on global scale.

Many viral diseases have been generating potential health issues to humans. Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI), a disease of respiratory system, is one of them. Treatment of this disease is crucial factor to save human life using oseltamivir because it has been used by medical practitioners and received promising results. Diverse medicines are being investigated for the same purpose. In this review, we have examined the oseltamivir which is used against the infection in question for its efficiency.