This study was aimed to develop an oral bio-based mucoadhesive polymer from seeds mucilage of Buchanania lanzan spreng, belongs to family anacardiaceae. Isolated mucilage was evaluated for mucoadhesive strength and compared with existing polymer. The mucilage showed shear stress results (0.099 ± 0.0001N), with comparable adhesiveness to methocel E5 (0.098 ± 0.0008N). Force of adhesion required to detach the seed mucilage and methocel E5 tablets from the mucin of intestinal tissue were 0.0276 ± 0.0019 (N) and 0.0049 ± 0.0006 (N), respectively. Seed mucilage revealed significant (P<0.01) higher detachment time, erosion time, in-vitro wash-off time and ex-vivo residence compared to methocel E5 and lactose tablets. In vivo test indicated that seed mucilage tablets possessed good mucoadhesive strength compared to methocel E5 and resisted disintegration for ≤ 8 h. The swelling index and wetting time showed comparable results between the mucilage and synthetic polymer tablets. Mucilage demonstrated high moisture absorption, percentage hydration, and matrix erosion of 18.57 ± 0.036, 50.00 ± 0.051, and 8.30 ± 0.155 compared to methocel E5 10.0 ± 0.079, 36.00 ± 0.089, and 1.26 ± 0.085, respectively. Mucoadhesive properties of seeds mucilage were comparable to guar gum and methocel E5, thus seed mucilage of B. lanzan can be potentially exploited for usage as a bioadhesive pharmaceutical excipient.

Hybrid lipid polymers significantly changed the postulation of low or less bioavailability of conventional drug delivery systems. Several drug delivery systems already exist for the encapsulation and subsequent release of lipophilic drugs with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and are well described in the scientific literature. Among these, lipid polymer-based nanoparticles have specifically come up for dermal, transdermal, mucosal, intramuscular, and ocular drug administration routes in the last 20 years. Moreover, lipid nanoparticles showed potential for active targeting of anticancer therapy, delivery of DNA or RNA materials, and use as a diagnostic imaging agent. Therefore, the multifarious nanostructured lipid carriers can reduce the undesired effects with maximum utilization of active moiety. In this, chapter a brief discussion is presented on the source of synthetic and natural lipid polymers with the use of surfactants. Moreover, a summary on formulation and pharmaceutical characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers considering solid lipid nanoparticles and vesicular drug delivery systems has been taken into consideration. In addition, a light on bioactive fortified with lipid nanoparticles was reviewed for maximizing its therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, this chapter’s focus to bring out the latest applications via recent scientific publications from the Scopus database on nanostructure carriers that showed promising application for the treatments of potentially life-threatening diseases has been summarized.

In this study, an oral bio-based mucoadhesive polymer was developed from Diospyros melonoxylon Roxb (Ebenaceae) seed mucilage and evaluated for mucoadhesive strength. The mucilage showed shear stress results (0.140 ± 0.0007N), with comparable adhesiveness to HPMC E5 (0.098 ± 0.0008N). Force of adhesion required to detach the seed mucilage and HPMC E5 tablets from the mucin of intestinal tissue were 0.0509 ± 0.0007 (N) and 0.0049 ± 0.0006 (N). Seed mucilage revealed significant higher detachment time, erosion time, in vitro wash off time and ex vivo residence compared to HPMC E5 and lactose tablets (p<0.01). In vivo test indicated that seed mucilage tablets possessed good mucoadhesive strength compared to HPMC E5 and resisted disintegration for ≤ 8 h. The swelling index and wetting time showed comparable results between the mucilage and synthetic polymer tablets. Mucilage demonstrated high moisture absorption, percentage hydration, and matrix erosion of 20.0 ± 0.037, 53.66 ± 0.127, and 20.00 ± 0.077 compared to HPMC E5 10.0 ± 0.079, 36.00 ± 0.089, and 1.26 ± 0.085. The mucoadhesive properties of seeds mucilage were comparable to guar gum and HPMC E5. Thus, seed mucilage of D. melonoxylon can be exploited for usage as pharmaceutical excipient in oral bioadhesive drug delivery systems.

Mimosa pudica Linn is an ornamental perennial herb belonging to the taxonomic group of Magnoliopsida and family Leguminaceae. Besides its ornamental use, Mimosa pudica is also a popular plant among folk healers to treat several diseases including bleeding disorders such as menorrhagia, dysentry with blood, mucus and piles, and wound healing. In this study, roots of Mimosa pudica was successively extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol to evaluate the folkloric assert of plant in view of antioxidant, antibacterial, and wound healing potential. Methanolic extract showed concentration dependent elevation in inhibition for radical scavenging assay following dpph with maximum effect of 73.43% against standard ascorbic acid equivalent to 250 µg/ml, however IC50 of extract with n-hexane and ethyl acetate exhibited relatively poor antioxidant efficacy. Minimum inhibitory concentration demonstrated higher inhibitory action in range of 1.25-0.625 mg/ml against tested gram positive Staphylococcus aureus -MTCC737, and Bacillus subtilis-MTCC110 and 2.5 mg/ml for gram negative Salmonella typhi-MTCC15442, Escherichia coli-MTCC118 micro-organism for methanolic extract compared to ethyl acetate extract, however hexane extract showed MIC > 2.5 mg/ml. Among the tested solvent system for column chromatography, fractionation with diethyl ether: methanol (1:4) demonstrated single clear spot with Rf value 0.72 for methanolic extract indicated presence of flavonoid as major phytoconstituents. The results of spectral analysis following fourier transform spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy for purified isolated compound confirmed identity of isolated flavonoid from methanolic fraction with chemical name 7,8,3’,4’-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxy-flavone. Thus, overall results demonstrated that Mimosa pudica root extract have potential antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy. Furthermore, the Mimosa pudica root extracted with n-hexane followed by methanol fortified in a pharmaceutical formulation ointment base demonstrated excellent wound healing efficacy compared to marketed povidone-iodine ointment. Therefore, traditional claim for the use of Mimosa pudica root as potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound healer in topical drug delivery have been proven by the present study.

Aims: In this study, the phytochemical analysis of Eucalyptus globulus leaf was analyzed and  used in synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticle incorporated antimicrobial cosmeceutical cream was developed and characterized for physicochemical parameters, antimicrobial properties, and biocompatibility was evaluated. Methodology: E. globulus aqueous leaf extract was preliminary analyzed for the presence of phytochemical and confirmed using thin layer chromatography techniques. Further, a green synthesis of silver nanoparticle was accomplished using aqueous leaf extract of E. globulus. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed and characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were incorporated in cream and the antimicrobial property was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. Results: The phyto-chemical evaluation of E. globulus aqueous leaf extract showed the presence of phenolic, tannins, saponnins, carbohydrate, and glycoside. Moreover, Eucalyptus globulus aqueous leaf extract exhibited antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner. The surface plasmon resonance peak was 424 nm and functional group such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, alkyl halides, amines, carbonyl, amide groups, and phenolic compounds were present which was important for the bio-reduction, stabilization, and capping of the silver nitrate into nanoparticles. Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis showed silver as the main element present and the nanoparticles were oval in shape and 19-60 nm in size with effective diameter of 90 nm. The test cream exhibited surface roughness of ≈ 30 nm, contact angle of ≈ 100, and surface energy of ≈88 mN/m. The formulated creams were consistent, with satisfactory pH, viscosity and spreadability. Conclusion: The results demonstrated an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to synthesis biogenic silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of E. globulus. Eucalyptus globulus aqueous leaf extract stabilized and capped silver nanoparticles incorporated topical cream exhibited potent antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.