1. The effects of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on some immune parameters were investigated in broilers. 2. Broiler chicks were fed on maize-soybean diets with different concentrations of vitamin E (0-200 mg/kg) and selenium (0-0.2 mg/kg diet) either alone or in combinations from 1 to 42 d of age. 3. Chicks were immunised against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine at 21 d of age and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres were determined after 10 d. 4. Chicks receiving supplements of 200 mg vitamin E/kg and 0.2 mg selenium/kg produced significantly higher HI antibody titres. This was associated with an increased serum concentration of total immunoglobulins and circulatory immune complexes. 5. The chicks given 200 mg vitamin E/kg and 0.2 mg selenium/kg had significantly heavier spleen and bursa. 6. These results suggested that vitamin E and selenium have synergistic effects on immune responses.

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Four types of spermatogonia (A0, A, In, B) are distinguished in T. indica. Four generations of A type, a single generation of intermediate (In) and two generations of B type spermatogonia are identified. Seven divisions of spermatogonia have been observed, in Stages 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5, 6 and 7 respectively. Spermatocytes have been observed in prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase; in terms of size and morphology, the phases of prophase could be further divided. Pre-leptotene and leptotene appear in Stage 8 and Stage 1 respectively. Round spermatids become asymmetrical in Stage 1b. For the first time in rodents, Stages 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 have been subdivided. The percentage frequencies of Stages 1-8 are 12.93, 10.69, 17.54, 10.33, 3.76, 11.20, 7.88 and 25.67 respectively. Although the morphology of the spermatogenic cells and associations of these cell types are basically similar to those in albino rats, T. indica markedly differs from all other rodents studied in having two generations of B spermatogonia and subdivisions of Stages 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8; in addition, the relative frequencies of the stages distinctly differ from those recorded in previous studies of rats. Hence, the durations of different cell types in T. indica may differ markedly from those in other rodents.

The present study was conducted during 2019 in Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (GNDU); Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (PAU) and Punjabi University, Patiala (PUP), Punjab, India to investigate the gender differences and relationship between social adjustment and interpersonal support among university students of Punjab. The sample consisted of 480 university students randomly selected from three purposively selected government universities of Punjab state i.e. Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar; Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Punjabi University, Patiala, India. An equal number of students distributed across both the gender were randomly selected from each university. Social Adjustment and Interpersonal Support Evaluation Scales were used for the study. The social adjustment of the university students was measured by using the Social Adjustment Scale and Interpersonal Support Evaluation scale was used to measure the peer support available to university students. Data was analyzed using t-test and Karl-Pearson’s coefficient of correlation. The results of the study revealed that male students had displayed significantly better social adjustment and interpersonal support than their female counterparts. Furthermore, correlation analysis emphasized that interpersonal support had positive relationship with social adjustment among male students whereas in case of female students, interpersonal support was found to have non-significant positive relationship with social adjustment. Because female students less likely to express their problems or emotions with their age mates as well as less involved in social activities as compared to male students. Therefore, Interpersonal support played a major role in the social adjustment of the students at university level.