Public policy advocacy within the profession of psychology appears to be limited and in its infancy.Various hypothesized barriers to advocacy within the field are analyzed in this study. Findings indicate that those who advocate do so regardless of whether the issue is specific to the profession of psychology or specific to another field. Furthermore, several components, including disinterest, uncertainty, and unawareness, were identified as barriers to advocacy. However, all barriers were subsumed by a lack of awareness of public policy issues. By identifying barriers to advocacy in psychology, programs promoting advocacy could be fine-tuned to address the lack of knowledge, which inhibits students, professionals, and clinicians from engaging in the essential role of public policy advocacy.

Preparing psychology trainees to assess and to manage clients who are suicidal is a critical responsibility of graduate training programs. In this study, doctoral trainees in clinical psychology (N = 59) were surveyed on their exposure to training and supervision on suicide assessment, their exposure to bereavement by suicide, and their confidence in providing care to suicidal clients. The Suicide Intervention Response Inventory–Revised (SIRI-2) was utilized to assess participants’ suicide intervention skills. Results indicated that over 75% of trainees had received education on suicide during graduate school; however, few students reported receiving clinical supervision on this topic. Trainees with and without formal training scored similarly on the SIRI-2, though there was a trend toward more skillful responding among trainees with more clinical experience. Exposure to suicidal clients during clinical training was common, as was personal bereavement by suicide. Trainees who reported working with clients who endorsed suicidal ideation and/or a history of suicide attempts performed better on the SIRI-2 than students with no such experience. Although a higher proportion of graduate trainees endorsed education on suicide assessment and management than in past studies, these findings call into question the efficacy of current training curricula. Implications for training and supervision are discussed.

With the growing recognition of the importance of systematic and evidence-based approaches to mental health policy development, there is an increased need for public policy advocacy training for psychology trainees and psychologists. These individuals possess clinical, research, and interpersonal expertise, and are capable of informing policymakers as to how psychologically informed legislation can better serve society. Lack of awareness of advocacy issues is a prominent barrier to advocacy involvement. Advocacy training may help to overcome such barriers by increasing motivation for involvement, the feeling of competence regarding impact on policies, and, most importantly, knowledge of current issues. The purpose of the present study was to provide an assessment of the relationship between training in public policy advocacy and the frequency of engagement in advocacy-related activities. The sample included 79 graduate trainees and professionals in the field of psychology. There was a significant, positive, linear relationship between reported hours spent in advocacy training and hours of advocacy involvement. Additionally, the rate at which involvement hours increased as a function of training hours was more than double for practicing professionals compared with students. Implications include an increased need for advocacy training both early in graduate education as well as throughout the professional practice of psychology.

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Betrayal trauma theory postulates that traumas perpetrated by a caregiver or close other are more detrimental to mental health functioning than are traumatic experiences in which the victim is not affiliated closely with the perpetrator. This study is the first to examine the concept of betrayal among a sample of individuals with a history of homelessness. A total of 95 homeless or formerly homeless adults completed the Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale the Perceived Stress Scale, and a demographics questionnaire assessing participants' histories of homelessness, health, and relationships with their families. Regression analyses were conducted to explore the associations between high betrayal (HB) and low betrayal (LB) trauma exposure, relationship with family, and physical and mental health symptoms. Exposure to HB traumas in childhood and poor family relationships predicted earlier age at first episode of homelessness, and participants who had been exposed to a greater number of traumas during childhood were more likely to be revictimized during adulthood. Trauma exposure as an adult and earlier age of first homeless episode predicted symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, while trauma exposure alone predicted symptoms of depression and perceived stress. Number of medical diagnoses was associated with trauma exposure and becoming homeless at an older age. These findings emphasize that even among the most marginalized and multiply victimized individuals in our society, traumas that are characterized by a higher degree of betrayal are associated with more adverse outcomes.