ABSTRACT. In the current study we sought, first, to distinguish associations with health arising from types of trauma as indicated by betrayal trauma theory (Freyd, 1996(Freyd, , 2001, and, second, to investigate the impact of disclosing a trauma history in survey form and/or writing essays about betrayal traumas. We recruited 99 community adults reporting at least 12 months of chronic medical illness or pain, 80 of whom completed all four sessions of this six-month longitudinal intervention study. Participants were randomly assigned to write about betrayal traumas or neutral events, and they were randomly assigned to complete an exten-
Military sexual trauma (MST) is a widespread problem associated with negative psychological and physical health problems. This article presents the current state of MST research and highlights specific areas in need of more focused study. Areas that have produced the greatest body of knowledge include MST prevalence and psychological and physical health correlates. We propose a research agenda based on gaps noted in our research review and empirical and theoretical evidence of issues relevant to but not studied directly in MST populations. We present evidence that MST is qualitatively distinct from other forms of sexual maltreatment in terms of its relational and vocational context as well as the severity of associated psychological distress, examine underexplored gender and sexual issues in MST, and discuss the lack of treatment and prevention studies specific to MST. Specific recommendations are made throughout in an attempt to guide and advance the field.
Ableist microaggressions are brief or covert insults that are targeted towards individuals based on their disability status (Keller & Galgay, 2010; Sue et al., 2007). Qualitative studies of people with disabilities reveal that anger, embarrassment, and frustration are commonly experienced in relation to ableist microaggressions, suggesting that psychological outcomes could be impacted (Keller & Galgay, 2010). However, more quantitative studies are required to examine this relationship. Studies of racial microaggressions have found that these experiences are related to poorer academic performance, lower self-esteem, and poorer mental health outcomes (Ikram et
Trauma exposure and revictimization have many serious personal and public health consequences. Both individual-level and community-level factors impact a person's risk of being victimized, and there are currently few studies examining both individual and community levels of analysis in the same study. The current study employs multilevel modeling to examine how community-level poverty interacts with individuals' trauma histories and dissociative symptoms to predict later victimization. In this study, a cross-level interaction was observed such that the relationship between childhood and adult victimization is stronger in communities with higher poverty rates. The importance of examining revictimization as a multifactorial process is discussed.
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