Modeling results and data are presented for a chemically reacting ow from a thrusting Atlas II rocket at low altitudes. High spatial resolution imagery and spectra have been obtained for a kerosene/liquid oxygen multinozzle plume at altitudes in the continuum ow regime. A numerical solution for a three-dimensional plume ow from the Atlas rocket engine is obtained using two different Navier-Stokes computational uid dynamics codes. The in uence of the ow near the rocket body on the plume structure is considered at an altitude of 40 km. The plume ow elds at 15-and 40-km altitudes are used for radiation calculations in the infrared spectral region. Calculated spectral radiant intensities and pixelated images are compared with the data extracted from the recent in-ight measurements. Comparison of the modeling with the data shows that numerical modeling is able to predict the plume structure existing at both altitudes. We nd that it is necessary to include solid carbon particles as a radiating species to improve the agreement between simulated and measured radiation signatures. Nomenclature M = Mach number p = pressure, Pa T = temperature, K u = velocity, m/s µ = roll angle, deg ' = aspect angle, deg  = mole fraction

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In recent years, there has been lot of emphasis on the study of urban land use/ land cover changes to discover the growth pattern due to rapid urbanisation. This study presents spatial metrics and gradient analysis approach for quantifying and capturing changes in urban landscape using LISS III imagery of 1999, 2001 and 2004 of Gurgaon, India. A combination of spatial metrics i.e. percentage of landscape, mean patch size, number of patches, landscape shape index and largest patch index, available in Fragstats ver. 3.3, have been used to quantify the patterns of urban growth in different directions in terms of size, shape and complexity of development. The local built-up areas were quantified by the "moving window" technique. A gradient analysis has been carried out through sampling from a reference point to 8 km in 16 directions with a window size of 500 mts. Results of this study demonstrate the potential of spatial metrics and gradient modelling to quantify the impact of regional factors on the growth pattern of Gurgaon city.