No abstract

Uric acid is a heterocyclic substance that comes from metabolic breakdown of purine compound in the body. A condition where there is a high uric acid level (>7 mg/dl) in the human body is called hyperuricemia. Some traditional plants that often be used as alternative of hyperuricemia drugs by Indonesian people are tempuyung leaf (Sonchus arvensis) and breadfruit leaf (Artocarpus altilis), both of them contain flavonoid as their active substance which is known to reduce uric acid level in the blood. This research is aimed to compare the influence of administration of tempuyung leaf extract and breadfruit leaf extract as the means of reducing uric acid in male white rats that are made hyperuricemia. This research is an experimental research with Pre and Post Test Control Group Design. The samples of this research were 24 male wistar rats that were divided into four groups randomly, they were positive and negative control groups, treatment group 1 and treatment group 2 which were respectively given dose of tempuyung leaf extract 80 mg/200 gr of BW and 0,75 gr/200 gr of BW of breadfruit leaf extract. The data was analysed by using paired Ttest. The result is significant differences (α = 0,05 > p-value = 0,000) of uric acid level before and after treatment were shown in both of treatment groups. Treatment group 2 however showed slightly higher average reduction of uric acid level compared to treatment group 1 (5,8690 vs 5,8600 respectively). In short, administration of breadfruit leaf extract (0,75 gr/200 gr of BW) was slightly more effective compared to tempuyung leaf extract (80 mg/200 gr of BW) in reducing uric acid level of white male Wistar rats.

Dyslipidemia is a disorder of lipid metabolism and one of the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of dyslipidemia based on raised total cholesterol in the world was 39%, of which 37% for men and 40% for women. Cholesterol-lowering drugs have been reported to have many side effects. One alternative medicine in reducing blood cholesterol levels by utilizing the potential of the avocado peel. This research was experimental with a pre-posttest control group design. This research was used 30 Sprague Dawley male rats divided into 6 groups, namely the normal control group (CG1), negative control (CG2), positive control (CG3) and 3 treatment groups (TG) who received avocado peel extract (APE) at 75, 150, and 300 mg/200gr bodyweight rats. Data were tested using a one-way ANOVA. The results showed that APE significantly reduced the levels of LDL-C (P<0.05) was 17.82±2.62, 29.62±2.00, and 36.33±4.47 mg/dl (TG1, TG2, TG3). Decreased triglycerides levels (P<0.05) of 1.62±4.17, 14.05±5.16, and 29.67±5.79 mg/dl (TG1, TG2, TG3). The increased levels of HDL-C (P<0.05) were 29.67±5.79, 22.63±4.82, and 34.35±2.72 mg/dl (TG1, TG2, TG3). Avocado peel (Persea americana Mill.) extract showed a hypolipidemic effect by reducing LDL-C, triglycerides, and increasing HDL-C levels in rats with dyslipidemia.

Background: This study was aimed to investigate the proportion of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) among electronic cigarette (e-cig) smokers and its association with the pattern of e-cig smoking.Method: This cross-sectional study underwent among e-cig smokers community in Cirebon City, Jawa Barat, ranged from March to August 2020. Subjects were enrolled through consecutive sampling method. The data collection used survey containing the pattern of e-cig smoking and GER. The pattern of e-cig smoking included the duration of e-cig smoking and the amount of e-cig smoking. Gastroesophageal reflux consisted of GER-related symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation, and nocturnal symptom) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD was defined as GERD questionnaire score cut-off 8. Data analysis used chi square test. This study has been approved by The Medical Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati.Results: There were 273 respondents in this study. The proportion of heartburn was 6.6%, 10.3% for regurgitation, 3.7% for nocturnal symptom, and 5.5% for GERD. There was no association between duration of e-cig smoking and heartburn (p 0.681), regurgitation (p 0.568), nocturnal symptom (p 0.764), and GERD (p 0.113). There was no association between amount of e-cig smoking and heartburn (p 0.062), regurgitation (p 0.770), nocturnal symptom (p 0.985), and GERD (p 0.605).Conclusion: There was relatively low proportion of GER among e-cig smokers. There was no association between the pattern of e-cig smoking and GER in this study.