No abstract

Background: Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) are a group of staph bacteria, which generally exist as normal flora of human skin and the oral flora found on mucous membranes. CoNS in immunocompromised patients can cause variety of infections like bacteraemia, central nervous system shunt infection, intravascular catheter-related infections, endocarditis, surgical site infections, urinary tract infections, foreign body infection, endophthalmitis, peritonitis and wound, bone and joint infections as well as infections in neonates. These infections are difficult to treat because of the risk factors and the drug resistant nature of the organisms.Objective:To find out species wise distribution of Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) in various relevant clinical samples in our institute. Materials and Method:A total of 500 CoNS strains were isolated from relevant clinical specimens. CoNS strains were isolated from variety of clinical specimens. Strains were identified as CoNS on the basis of colony morphology, gram stain, catalase test and coagulase test. Conventional methods were used for species identification after confirming isolates as CoNS. Results:The most common source of CoNS isolation was blood (34%), followed by respiratory secretions (24.4%), urine (16.8%), pus (13.4%), swabs (5.4%), bodily fluid (1.4%), and others (4.6%). S.epidermidis was most frequently isolated (30.6%), followed by S.hemolyticus (25.4%), S.hominis (12.6%), S.capitis (12%), S.lugdunensis (11.4%) and S.cohnii (08%). Conclusion : As CoNS have become major cause of nosocomial infections, there is a need for rapid identification and speciation of CoNS with their antibiotic susceptibility for better management of these cases and to prevent emergence of drug resistance.

Candida spp. is generally found in humans; however, when the host's immune system is compromised, the pathogen infects the host, earning it the name opportunistic pathogen. It can also be found on the surfaces of biomaterials such as catheters, Venflon, intravenous tubes, dentures, and blood bags in a medical setting. It infects people who have been admitted to the hospital. This causes major health problems for the patients and raises morbidity and mortality rates over time. Those who take antifungal medications for this infection on a regular basis acquire resistant to the drugs. Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans were found to predominate in distinct clinical samples in this investigation. The goal of this cross-sectional study, which took place at the Index Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Indore, was to determine the burden of catheter associated urinary tract infection by candida albicans and non albicans with emphasis on biofilm formation. CAUTI is a prevalent complication in critically ill individuals. In order to reduce the incidence of catheter-related UTI, the focus should be on appropriate catheter maintenance and lowering catheterization length rather than prophylactic. In the treatment of CAUTI, culture and susceptibility testing are crucial.

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a remarkable opportunistic pathogen responsible for a great proportion of hospital-associated infections and the high prevalence of resistance towards many classes of antibiotics makes the treatment challenging. The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, IMCHRC, Indore. The study was approved by IEC and conducted from October 2019 to September 2021. A total number of 168 Acinetobacter species including 143 A. baumannii were isolated from the various clinical specimens, the majority of the isolates were obtained from the respiratory system (66%), followed by urine, pus/wound swab, blood, fluids and other samples. The majority of the patients who had underlying/diagnosed with a disease such as aspiration pneumonia/pneumonia (35%), cerebrovascular accident/haemorrhagic shock (30.7%), respiratory failure (24%), accelerated HTN/HTN(18%), and less common were septicemia (8.4), acute kidney injury/chronic kidney diseases (7.7%) and trauma/burns (5.5%). The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed higher antibiotic resistance to cefotaxime (94%), ceftazidime (93%), cefepime (92%), imipenem (92%), meropenem (90%) and the resistance was low to doxycycline (39%) Polymyxin B (8%). The association between antibiotic resistance and the clinical profile of patients was found significant (p-value < 0.05). In our study, a remarkably high antibiotic resistance pattern was observed in the classes of antibiotics in A. baumannii isolates, mostly MDR and XDR. To address infection caused by antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii, appropriate antibiotic administration in a clinical setting is essential. Moreover, local and national surveillance data, stringent infection control, and antimicrobial stewardship are required.