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Purpose In this paper, an attempt has been made to delineate the physical processes which lead to the westward movement of the North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone LEHAR. Methods The Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW) model is used to simulate LEHAR with 27 and 9 km resolutions. In addition to that, all terms of the complete vorticity equation are computed to obtain the contribution of each term for the vorticity tendency. The vorticity tendency is calculated in four sectors, namely northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast and assumed that the cyclone moves from its existing location to the nearest point where the vortices tendency is maximum. Results The results indicate that the model performed well in simulating the characteristics of cyclone compared with the Satellite and other observations. It is noticed that the vorticity stretching term contributes most to the positive vorticity tendency. The second highest contribution is from the horizontal advection thus indicating the secondary importance of steering. Conclusions The distribution of lightning flash rates are higher in the SW and followed by NW sectors of the cyclone indicate more strong convective clouds are in SW sector. The equivalent potential temperatures (h e ) at different stages of before, during and after the mature stage of the cyclone reveals that the wind-induced surface heat (WISH) exchange process is a plausible mechanism for the intensification of LEHAR.

The goal of this paper is to control a fully active hybrid energy storage System (HESS) with a battery and super capacitor (SC) by introducing an uniform higher order sliding mode control. The system parameters to be tracked are the battery and SC current. To track the reference values of battery and SC currents, an uniform continuous higher order sliding mode controller (UCHOSMC) is applied which is a combination of two controllers one is an uniform super twisting control for disturbance rejection and other is uniform time convergence for a disturbance free system. Current references to be tracked are generated by a rule-based energy management system, the stability of the system is validated using Lyapunov stability analysis. The simulation results show the robustness of the controller with an effective tracking of the reference values under different load conditions.Index Terms-Electric vehicles (EV), Hybrid energy storage system (HESS), Uniform continuous higher order sliding mode controller (UCHOSMC), Battery-super capacitor.