… For successful endodontic outcome, accurate working length has to be determined. Even with improved systems of working length (WL) measurement, different readings may be recorded in different electrolytes present in the canal. Methodology: Total 90 patients were selected for this prospective in vivo study resented at

Aims: The position of lower incisor has been of significant concern when seeking orthodontic treatment plan, it has been recognized as one of diagnostic key and play an important in the development of normal occlusion and facial pattern. This study was aimed at the determination of lower incisor position and its possible association with different sagittal malocclusions and facial patterns. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional Study Place and Duration of Study:  Department of Orthodontics Institute of Dentistry Liaquat University Medical and Health Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro between June 2019 to July 2020. Methodology: Ninety-seven pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographies were taken, and they were classified sagittally into skeletal class I, II and III, and vertically into normodivergent, hyperdivergent and hypodivergent facial pattern using ANB and SNMP, respectively. Lower     incisor position was assessed by means of FMIA and IMPA. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to check any association between lower incisor position and sagittal malocclusion and facial pattern.  P value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study sample consisted of 97 patients. The mean age of the patients was 25.55 SD ±3.93. The mean SNMP value was 28.84 SD ±7.354 and mean ANB value 4.809 SD ±3.85. Mean Incisor position based on IMPA was 98.598 SD ± 9.413 and FMIA 54 SD ±9.995.  Intra and interobserver reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficient values ranging between 0.825 and 0.990 respectively. The ANOVA test results showed significant relationship between the sagittal malocclusion and incisor position with P value .036. The Bonferroni analysis indicated that statistically significant association existed in term of lower incisor position between Class II and Class III malocclusion with P value .047. Test results further indicated that there is no significant difference in the position of lower incisor in relation to facial pattern with P value .355. Conclusions: Statistically significant association was found between lower incisor position with respect to the sagittal malocclusion. However, no significant association was found between facial pattern and lower incisor position.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge andpractice of informed consent among dental practitioners in Hyderabad city, Pakistan. StudyDesign: Descriptive cross sectional survey. Setting: Liaquat University of Medical and HealthSciences, Isra University and Dental practitioners working at private Dental clinics in Hyderabadcity. Period: This study was conducted over period of six months from November 2015 toApril 2016. Material and Method: This study used self-administered structured questionnaire,consist of ten questions to assess the knowledge and practice of dental practitioners towardsinformed consent. Data was collected by visiting offices of the study participants at their workplace or through email and courier with prepaid envelope where needed. The participants weresent two reminders at the interval of fifteen days to return the filled survey form. The responseswere represented in form of percentages. The t-test was used to determine the associationbetween the knowledge and qualification, clinical experience, and age. A significance level ofp<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Our response rate was 86% (103).Majority of the dentist merely knows the meaning of informed consent and overall had poorknowledge (mean score 7.84 + 2.44). The analysis showed that years of clinical practice andqualification was statistically significant with mean knowledge score (p < 0.01). The verbal formof consent was most preferred method of obtaining informed consent that accounted for 82%of study participants. 89% of dentist obtained informed consent from parents when treatingtheir children. Conclusions: From this study, it can be concluded that vast majority of dentistare unaware of informed consent process and their basic requirement. Although majority ofdentist believe that informed consent play an important role in routine dental practice yet manyof them did not use written form of informed consent. Our results would help the educatorsand policy makers to develop educational instruction on bioethics with special emphasis oninformed consent.

ABSTRACT… Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of informed consent among dental practitioners in Hyderabad city, Pakistan. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional survey. Setting: Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Isra University and Dental practitioners working at private Dental clinics in Hyderabad city. Period: This study was conducted over period of six months from November 2015 to April 2016. Material and Method: This study used self-administered structured questionnaire, consist of ten questions to assess the knowledge and practice of dental practitioners towards informed consent. Data was collected by visiting offices of the study participants at their work place or through email and courier with prepaid envelope where needed. The participants were sent two reminders at the interval of fifteen days to return the filled survey form. The responses were represented in form of percentages. The t-test was used to determine the association between the knowledge and qualification, clinical experience, and age. A significance level of p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Our response rate was 86% (103). Majority of the dentist merely knows the meaning of informed consent and overall had poor knowledge (mean score 7.84 + 2.44). The analysis showed that years of clinical practice and qualification was statistically significant with mean knowledge score (p < 0.01). The verbal form of consent was most preferred method of obtaining informed consent that accounted for 82% of study participants. 89% of dentist obtained informed consent from parents when treating their children. Conclusions: From this study, it can be concluded that vast majority of dentist are unaware of informed consent process and their basic requirement. Although majority of dentist believe that informed consent play an important role in routine dental practice yet many of them did not use written form of informed consent. Our results would help the educators and policy makers to develop educational instruction on bioethics with special emphasis on informed consent.

For successful endodontic outcome, accurate working length has to be determined.Even with improved systems of working length (WL) measurement, different readings may berecorded in different electrolytes present in the canal. Methodology: Total 90 patients wereselected for this prospective in vivo study resented at Department of Operative Dentistry, LiaquatUniversity of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, during 6 months i.e. from 1st Sep 2014 to28th Feb 2015, with single rooted permanent mandibular first premolars with matured apices.After extirpated pulp tissue a file was inserted in the canal and WL was obtained by radiographas well as by electronic apex locator (EAL). The measurements determined by both methodswere compared by applying paired sample t-test. SPSS 18 was used for data analysis. Results:Among 90 subjects 37 were males. Mean±SD WL obtained radiographically was 19.8±1.03-mwhereas mean±SD WL obtained electronically was 18.9±1.05 mm. Mean difference betweenmeasurements of both methods was 0.87-mm, which was statistically significant (P <0.05).Conclusion: The electronic apex locator was better than the radiograph in determining workinglength of root canal at statistically significant level.