Probiotics utilization in aquaculture is getting great potential due to their functional attributes. The present study elucidates the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum URLP18 on growth performance, antioxidants, haematological indices, immune regulatory gene expression and disease resistance in juveniles of Cyprinus carpio. Fish were fed for 60 days with basal diet (BD) and diet supplemented with L. fermentum URLP18 at 2 × 108 CFU/g (DI) and 2 × 106 CFU/g (DII). Dietary supplementation of the selected probiotic showed significant increases in weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, feed efficiency ratio (FER) and decreases in feed conversion ratio of C. carpio fed diet containing 2 × 108 CFU/g (DI). L. fermentum URLP18‐supplemented groups showed better haematological parameters such as red blood cell, white blood cell count, haematocrit (Hct) and haemoglobin (Hb) level relative to the BD group. A significant increase in the total serum protein and lower liver enzyme profile (ALT and AST) was noticed in probiotic‐supplemented groups. Pro‐inflammatory gene expression was significantly upregulated in L. fermentum URLP18 group. Likewise, supplementation of L. fermentum URLP18 at 2 × 108 CFU/g showed resistant against Aeromonas hydrophila infection and highest survival rate (88.09%) was observed. In conclusion, diet‐supplemented L. fermentum URLP18 at 2 × 108 CFU/g showed improved diet digestibility and resulted in better growth performance and FER in C. carpio. Haematological indices and total serum protein, antioxidant gene expression profile depicted the role of L. fermentum URLP18 through enhanced non‐specific immunity and health status of C. carpio.

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of ketorolac tromethamine and dexamethasone on substance P and IL-8 expression when used as a root canal irrigant for single visit root canal treatment for acute irreversible pulpitis. A total of 42 patients with pain due to acute irreversible pulpitis in carious premolar and molar teeth were included in this study. The four irrigation groups were as follows: saline (n = 11), 3% sodium hypochlorite (n = 11), ketorolac tromethamine (n = 10) and dexamethasone (n = 10). Blood samples S1 and S2 were collected upon access opening and after canal preparation, respectively. Quantification of substance P and IL-8 were done using ELISA test. Post-operative pain was assessed by questioning the patients. The difference between S1 and S2 sample values for the four different irrigant groups was not significant. The sodium hypochlorite group had a higher mean expression of substance P and IL-8 values. Dexamethasone irrigation was more effective in controlling post-operative pain.

One of the main objectives of root canal treatment is to alleviate the pain associated with irreversibly inflamed pulps. However, some patients may have moderate to severe pain following treatment. The aim of this study was to compare and assess the effect of ketorolac tromethamine on substance P expression in the pulp and periapical tissues when used as a root canal irrigant for single-visit root canal treatment in teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Thirtysix patients were randomly allotted to three irrigant groupssaline (n = 14), 3% sodium hypochlorite (n = 11) and ketorolac tromethamine (n = 11). Pulp blood samples (S1) were collected on gaining access to the pulp, and periapical blood samples (S2) were collected after root canal preparation. Quantification of substance P was done by ELISA test. The ketorolac tromethamine group had greater reduction in substance P expression (S2). Post-operative pain levels were not significantly influenced by the different root canal irrigants.

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