Due to the expression of paternal antigens by the embryo, pregnancy is considered as a semi-allograft and so immunological dysregulation is considered as one of the important causes in repeated implantation failure (RIF) and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). It has been revealed that lymphocytes immunotherapy (LIT) could be an appropriate approach to prevent pregnancy loss in such patients. Various mechanisms have been suggested for effectiveness of LIT such as enhancing expression of anti-paternal cytotoxic antibodies (APCA), progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF), anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2), and mixed lymphocyte reaction blocking antibodies (MLR-Bf), as well as reduction in the T helper 1/T helper 2 ratio and deviation in the pattern of cytokines production. However, there are controversial results about the beneficial effect of LIT treatment in RIF and RPL patients. In the current study, we reviewed findings of LIT in RIF and RPL patients with a focus on possible mechanisms of alloimmunization in preserving pregnancy. Besides, we highlighted possible reasons for mixed results about the effectiveness of LIT and way of solving the problem. Also, we proposed potential laboratory and clinical criteria to recruit patients for LIT.

The protective role of astaxanthin nanoparticles ( Ast NPs , 25 mg/kg p.o) against cadmium ( Cd , 1 mg/100 g b.w. SC), a known inductor of lipid peroxidation and changes in the antioxidant defense system in the Ross 308 breeder roosters sperm, was examined. Sperm motility (computer-assisted sperm motility analysis), membrane integrity (hypoosmotic swelling test), viability, total abnormality, and enzymatic parameters were assessed after thawing. The testis/body weight (mg/kg) ratio and HE staining results of testis were also performed. The obtained results showed that Cd induced detrimental effects on testis and sperm, while Cd treated by Ast NPs (Cd Ast) diminished this change compared to the Cd group. Cd-treated group resulted in significantly ( P < 0.05) lowest total (37.29 ± 2.46) and progressive (5.84 ± 0.47) motility and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, TAC, and GPx), as well as producing a significant ( P < 0.05) decrease in testis weight (mg) compared to the control group. Treatment with Ast NPs (Ast NPs + Cd) had reversed Cd-induced changes in the antioxidant defense system and significantly prevented Cd-induced testis damage. In conclusion, the results of our work suggest that Ast NPs at 25 mg/kg act as a potent antioxidant in protecting rooster testes against oxidative stress induced by Cd.

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The global burden of cancer have encouraged oncologists to develop novel strategies for treatment. Present study was proposed to develop Arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD)-containing nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) as a delivery system for improving the anticancer capability of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on breast cancer cell line by attaching to integrin superfamily on cancer cells. For this purpose, RGD-containing EGCG-loaded NLC were prepared by hot homogenization technique and characterized by different techniques. Then, cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of prepared nanoparticles and their uptake into cells was evaluated. As results, the nanoparticles with particle size of 85 nm, zeta potential of -21 mV, encapsulation of 83% were prepared. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis experiments demonstrated that EGCG-loaded NLC-RGD possessed greatest apoptotic activity. Furthermore, it has been shown that, EGCG-loaded NLC-RGD causes cell cycle arresting more effective than EGCG. Therefore, loading EGCG into NLC-RGD make it more effective in both targeting and accumulation into tumour cells, which results from specialized uptake mechanism by adhesion to αvβ3 integrin. The results strengthen our hope that loading EGCG into RGD-containing NLC could possibly overcome the therapeutic limitations of EGCG and make it more effective in cancer therapy.