La economía trata la asignación de recursos escasos a necesidades ilimitadas. Aunque la disciplina nació hace más de 200 años al amparo de la filosofía moral, la teoría se ha desarrollado, básicamente, en relación con las decisiones productivas que involucran los recursos materiales. No es sino hasta mediados del siglo pasado, cuando algunos economistas (e.g. Becker 1973, 1976, McKenzie y Tullock 1978 estudiaron decisiones como el matrimonio y la criminalidad. Una evidencia de la aceptación que han tenido estas incursiones novedosas, es el otorgamiento del Premio Nobel de Economía de 1992 a Gary Becker por su aplicación del principio racional de comportamiento optimizador a la familia y al crimen y castigo.En el caso del trabajo sexual, un tema tabú en práctica-mente todas las sociedades, algunos economistas han aplicado modelos microeconómicos a las conductas de las mujeres que ofrecen estos servicios, los hombres que los demandan y el mercado en que se dan estas transacciones, pero el trabajo es muy poco considerando el tamaño del mercado. No hay datos exactos en el mundo acerca del número de mujeres que hacen trabajo sexual y menos aún del valor agregado que esta actividad representa en la producción mundial.Con base en estadísticas nacionales sobre salud y condiciones socioeconómicas, Vandepitte et al. (2006) utilizaron datos de ciudades y zonas para calcular que, según el lugar, entre el 0,1 y el 7,4 % de las mujeres adultas del mundo hacen trabajo sexual (Cuadro 1). ABSTRACTThe female sex work market in San Jose, Costa Rica. Sex work is a commercial transaction and is part of the economy, but social practices hide it and it is seldom mentioned in economic reports. In 2008 we interviewed 78 female sex workers in San José, capitol city of Costa Rica. They belonged in three groups: women working in the area surrounding the markets, fare US$3 to US$8 per hour and aged 26 to 81 years, workers at two massage parlors in San Juan de Tibás (US$18 to US$72 per hour, ages 18 to 33 years) and "call-girls" (US$100 an hour; 19 to 38 years). The interviews were based on a questionnaire; respondents were paid their time, and data were analyzed with the SPSS statistical program. Depending on the group, between half and a majority consider sex work an acceptable way for women to obtain resources for their families, and for men, a sexual relief that reduces sexual violence. Women have no boss and decide independently on time and place of work. They reject customers if there is no agreement on which specific services they will provide. Few have experienced violence or sexually transmitted diseases as a result of their sex work. Most have no husband or permanent companion. The preferred client is kind, mature and deals always with the same woman. Undesirable customers are aggressive, mean, dirty and drugged. Customers are mostly married and aged 35-45 years. The requested services are diverse, but are dominated by oral sex and the "missionary" position. The rate is defined by group membership (market area, parlor or "call girl...
Schooling in sex workers from San José, Costa Rica, at the beginning of the twenty-first century. San Jose is the capitol city of Costa Rica, a small Central American country characterized by a higher educational level, higher per capita income and higher living standards than the rest of the countries in the region. A study in 1975 indicated that female sex workers in the city were women who had chosen sex work because they earned much more than in other job options available to women who only had finished part of the primary school, and that nearly half did not want to change their activity. In order to know whether the situation had changed three decades later, in 2008 we interviewed 78 women who perform sex work in the city, with fares between US$3 and US$100 per hour and ages between 18 and 81 years. The interviews were based on a questionnaire; respondents were paid for their time, and data were analyzed with the SPSS statistical program. Most of these workers are Costa Ricans of urban origin, few have education beyond primary school, and they consider that the school years that they approved -despite receiving little help in this area from their families-are among their main achievements in life. One third of the women said that they had had a pleasant childhood, and most stated that they do not see a conflict between their work and religious beliefs because they provide sexual services to support their children (most are single mothers). Some believe that their work reduces sexual violence; most use condoms as protection and believe in the patriarchal view that women raise families while men provide resources. Universities could support these women with grants and advice; and finance more studies to separate myth from reality in this field, for example, with studies based on life histories, a technique that would give sex workers a voice from the conception of their own worlds and the environment in which they develop. KEY WORDSEducation, sex work, socialization, patriarchy, culture, prostitution. La ciudad conurbada de San José, en Costa Rica, tenía en 1980 unos 730 000 habitantes (Costa Rica Ministerio de Economía 1998), de los cuales unas 1400 eran mujeres dedicadas al trabajo sexual en aproximadamente 200 lugares de la ciudad (Acuña et al. 1982). Esto corresponde a un índice de 2 trabajadoras sexuales por cada 1000 habitantes. Uno de los primeros estudios que incluyó el tema de la escolaridad encontró que en el San José de la década de 1970 estas trabajadoras eran mujeres que habían elegido el trabajo sexual porque ganaban mucho más que en las demás opciones laborales que tenían, dado su nivel de escolaridad, en general limitado a la escuela primaria, y que cerca de la mitad no deseaban cambiar de actividad (Vega 1975).Una encuesta hecha en 1980 a 348 mujeres halló que eran en general madres solteras o separadas de sus maridos, con una media de 2,6 hijos por mujer; y que un 70% inició el trabajo sexual siendo mayores de edad, muchas tras haber tenido otros trabajos. Un 68% declararon no haber...
En este trabajo, a partir de una revisión del debate sostenido entre Michel Lynch y David Bloor en 1992, así como de una relectura del trabajo de Peter Winch, “Comprender una sociedad primitiva” (1964), argumentaré que de los procesos de desmitificación del conocimiento que tuvieron lugar en décadas pasadas se desprende una propuesta positiva. Ésta consiste en la posibilidad de ofrecer un enfoque crítico que permitiría a los estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología trascender sus límites descriptivistas. Lo que hace posible que, aun aceptando que las prácticas epistémicas son culturalmente dependientes, ellas sean evaluables a la luz de “otras culturas”.
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