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Female sex work in San Jose, Costa Rica: a sociobiology approach. In Costa Rica, sex work has been studied for decades from a pre-evolutionary perspective, and often with an underlying patriarchal bias because sex work is seen as a social pathology, ignoring contributions from sociobiology and evolutionary psychology. In this study, we measured the performance of predictions made by the evolutionary model, in a sample of 78 women aged 18 to 81 years, who perform sex work in San José, capitol of Costa Rica, interviewed in 2008. The interviews were based on a questionnaire, respondents were paid for their time, and data were analyzed with the SPSS statistical program. All predictions of the evolutionary; model are met by this sample: the customers are mostly men in reproductive age (29 to 54 years) who pay women for sexual activity even in cases in which they establish an emotional relationship with the workers. The predictions of the model for workers are also met, since they are primarily women of reproductive age (24 to 41 years), 100% charge for their services, and women who are more attractive for their beauty, intellect and education, earn 10 times more than the rest. In the human species, resources can be given in exchange for sexual services, and 98% of these sex workers are women who have no other source of income; besides, 69% have no partner helping them to support their children. The other 31% have a partner but do not receive enough money from him. KEY WORDSEvolution of human sexual behavior, sex work, Costa Rica, sociobiology, evolutionary psychology, prostitution, sex for resources, patriarchy.
Female sex work in San Jose, Costa Rica: a sociobiology approach. In Costa Rica, sex work has been studied for decades from a pre-evolutionary perspective, and often with an underlying patriarchal bias because sex work is seen as a social pathology, ignoring contributions from sociobiology and evolutionary psychology. In this study, we measured the performance of predictions made by the evolutionary model, in a sample of 78 women aged 18 to 81 years, who perform sex work in San José, capitol of Costa Rica, interviewed in 2008. The interviews were based on a questionnaire, respondents were paid for their time, and data were analyzed with the SPSS statistical program. All predictions of the evolutionary; model are met by this sample: the customers are mostly men in reproductive age (29 to 54 years) who pay women for sexual activity even in cases in which they establish an emotional relationship with the workers. The predictions of the model for workers are also met, since they are primarily women of reproductive age (24 to 41 years), 100% charge for their services, and women who are more attractive for their beauty, intellect and education, earn 10 times more than the rest. In the human species, resources can be given in exchange for sexual services, and 98% of these sex workers are women who have no other source of income; besides, 69% have no partner helping them to support their children. The other 31% have a partner but do not receive enough money from him. KEY WORDSEvolution of human sexual behavior, sex work, Costa Rica, sociobiology, evolutionary psychology, prostitution, sex for resources, patriarchy.
Humans and other primates exchange sex for resources. In the case of humans, this exchange includes sexual work. There are few previous studies on sex work in San José, Costa Rica that include data on how much is paid for sexual services. We studied the price of female sex work, and how the profits are distributed among all parties, in nightclubs and massage parlors, by obtaining data from interviews with workers and owners, and from telephone calls, from 1994 through 2010. Prices ranged from US$6 for a lap dance to US$300 for intercourse and when inflation is taken into account, they have not increased much in the last ten years. The prices per hour can reach 125 times the minimal wage per hour of work in the country. In comparison with independent sex work done in the streets, parlor and club women benefit from the associated infrastructure, access to clients, and safety, and they receive 40-50 % of the fee paid by men for their direct services (dances, sexual activity), so there is no indication of exploitation on either side. Nightclubs have around 30% of profit after expenses are deduced. Sexual services are relatively expensive but men pay them because they are biologically and socially oriented towards wanting these services. KEY WORDSSociobiology, evolutionary psychology, "prostitution", women in economy, Central America. RESUMENLos humanos y otros primates intercambian sexo por recursos. En el caso de los humanos, este intercambio incluye el trabajo sexual. Existen pocos estudios sobre los precios del trabajo sexual en Costa Rica. Estudiamos el precio del trabajo sexual femenino en clubes nocturnos y salas de masaje mediante entrevistas a trabajadoras y dueños, y llamadas telefónicas, entre 1994 y 2010. Los precios van desde US$6 para un baile erótico a US$300 para el coito y tomando en cuenta la inflación, no han aumentado mucho en los últimos diez años. Los precios por hora puede llegar a 125 veces el salario mínimo por hora vigente en el país. En comparación con el trabajo sexual independiente hecho en las calles, las mujeres de clubes y salas se benefician de la infraestructura asociada, el acceso a los clientes, y la seguridad que ofrecen estos sitios, y reciben el 40-50% de la cuota pagada por los clientes por servicios directos (bailes, actividad sexual), por lo que no hay indicios de explotación de una u otra parte. La ganancia neta de los clubes es de un 30%. Estos servicios sexuales son relativamente caros, pero los hombres les pagan porque están biológicamente y socialmente predispuestos a querer a estos servicios. PALABRAS CLAVESociobiología, psicología evolutiva, "prostitución", mujeres en la economía, América Central.
Traditionally, patriarchal societies have repressed women who practice sex work. Today, that repression continues through mass media. In this article we analyze the treatment given to sex worker coverage in the two printed newspaper with the largest circulation in Costa Rica: Diario Extra and La Nación. We recorded all news mentioning sex work in both newspapers during the year 2010 and applied a logistic regression analysis to indicators. To study the association of these indicators with the newspaper and gender of the reporter, we used contingency tables and likelihood ratios. The majority of the 56 reporters who wrote the news items were men and most of the news items related with sex work had a social approach, followed by those with criminal and morality approaches. The articles tend to present sex workers as being outside the law (even though sex work is legal in Costa Rica) and in conflict with other social actors. Despite scientific findings that show otherwise, the media continue to spread myths about frequent "exploitation" and "child prostitution". KEY WORDSInfluence of mass media on public opinion, discrimination of minorities, lack of objectivity in reporting RESUMEN Tradicionalmente, las sociedades patriarcales reprimen a las mujeres que practican el trabajo sexual y en ello participan hoy los medios de comunicación masiva. Aquí analizamos el tratamiento dado a la cobertura del tema en dos de los principales periódicos impresos de Costa Rica: Diario Extra y La Nación. Recopilamos todas las noticias en las que se mencionó el trabajo sexual en ambos periódicos durante el año 2010 y aplicamos una regresión logística de indicadores. Aplicamos tablas de contingencia y cocientes de probabilidad para medir la asociación de los indicadores con el periódico y el sexo de quien escribe. La mayoría de los 56 periodistas eran hombres y la mayoría de las noticias tuvo un enfoque social (seguidos por los enfoques criminal y moral). A pesar de que el trabajo sexual es legal en Costa Rica, los artículos tienden a presentar a las trabajadoras sexuales como fuera de la ley y "en conflicto" con otros actores sociales. Aunque los hallazgos científicos muestran lo contrario, estos diarios siguen generalizando mitos acerca de la frecuente "explotación" y "prostitución infantil".
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