Histopathological Study of Guided Lung Biopsies IntroductionSmall lung biopsies are the most common and the first lung sample obtained when a radiologic abnormality is detected and tissue diagnosis is required. [1] Both CT guided FNA and core needle biopsies have been documented to be effective for diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions including non neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. [2] CT guided biopsy may have an advantage over CT guided FNA for obtaining more tissue to perform Immunohistochemistry and/or molecular study. Image guided biopsies are less susceptible to false-negative or false positive diagnosis when compared with FNACs. [2] Lung cancer is the commonest cancer and the biggest cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Every year lung cancer causes more than 1.6 million deaths, more than breast, colon, and prostate cancers combined. [3] Lung is also one of the most common metastatic sites of many primary cancers. [2] Tissue is often required to differentiate primary from metastasis, benign lesions from malignant lesions and further classify a primary lung cancer for treatment.However, the vast majorities of patients present with either locally advanced or metastatic disease and do not proceed to surgical resection so the diagnosis of lung cancer is confirmed using small biopsies/cytology. [4] Among malignancies, Non small cell lung carcinoma is the most common lung cancer, accounting for about 85%

Introduction: Learning is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Research findings suggest that a deep, integrated understanding of the basic sciences is important for solving clinically relevant tasks. Evidence suggests that students today may be more engaged and learn better when there are different teaching approaches incorporated into the educational environment. Crossword Puzzle (CWP) is a form of active learning which is helpful to review and summarise concepts. Mind Map (MM) is a powerful graphic technique that can be applied to improve learning and clearer thinking. E-learning is an innovative modern technology which can support and enrich medical education. Aim: To assess the perceptions of students regarding newer teaching methods like CWPs, MMs and online resources in medical education. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted in the Department of Pathology for 2nd year Medical, Physiotherapy and Nursing students for a period of one year from October 2018 to September 2019. A total of 206 students participated in the study, of which 90 were MBBS students, 30 were Physiotherapy students and 86 were Nursing students. Newer teaching methods like CWPs and MMs were introduced in the classes. A feedback form was given at the end of the class and their responses were collected regarding newer methods. Perceptions of students regarding newer teaching methods were represented using descriptive statistics in frequencies and percentages. Results: Female students were more compared to male students across all the branches with 63.3% female students in MBBS, 80% in Physiotherapy and 82.6% in Nursing. 84.4% of MBBS students, 86.7% of Physiotherapy students and 97.7% of nursing students were interested in filling CWPs. 94.4% of MBBS students, 93.3% of Physiotherapy students and 100% of nursing students opined that MMs help in memory retention. 93.3% of MBBS students, 96.7% of Physiotherapy students and 91.9% of nursing students wanted newer teaching methods to be part of the curriculum. Conclusion: Educators need to constantly change their teaching methods in order to hold the attention of students. CWP’s and MM’s created interest among the students in learning subject. CWPs enhanced group interaction among peers whereas MMs helped in retaining the key points and also bringing out the creative talent.

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BACKGROUND MSICS demands skill and patience from the cataract surgeon. It is a safe, effective and economical alternative to competing techniques and can be the answer to tackle the large backlog of blindness due to cataract. Cataract is defined as any opacity of lens and its capsule. It is the commonest cause of avoidable blindness in India (50% -80%). Cataract surgery has been there since 28 th century. It is treated by various methods. It has undergone great refinement in recent years from age old couching to sutureless surgery and phacoemulsification. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis prospective case series is done on 50 patients undergoing manual SICS in Department of Ophthalmology, Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital over a period from October 2015 to March 2016. All patients who were fit to undergo manual small incision cataract surgery during the above-mentioned period were included in the present case series. RESULTSThis prospective case series which involved 50 patients and conducted between October 2015 and March 2016 revealed the mean age of presentation was 58 years. The commonly affected age group was 51 -60 years (32%). Female patients constituted 60% of the case series population. Left eye was involved in 60% of the cases. Most common intraoperative complication was difficulty in delivering the nucleus into anterior chamber, 8%. Least common complications were PC rent, primary PCO, Zonular dehiscence and premature entry each accounting for 2%. Most common postoperative complication was iritis 14% and least common complication was corneal oedema 2%. CONCLUSIONManual Small Incision Cataract Surgery is small incisioned, sutureless, self-sealing and safe cataract surgery. Manual SICS has a less steep learning curve than Phacoemulsification. Manual SICS is cost effective when compared to Phacoemulsification and is the choice of surgery in high volume centres and developing countries. Manual SICS has a lower complication rates as compared to conventional ECCE. Manual SICS has similar intraoperative and postoperative complication rate as compared to Phacoemulsification. KEYWORDS Cataract Surgery, Intraoperative and Postoperative Complications, MSICS.HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Sridevi V, Ramya P. Safety and efficacy of manual small incision cataract surgery in a rural health care setting in Tamilnadu.

Our aim is to describe and present the various steps involved in performing Manual SICS with special attention to the wound construction i.e the sclerocorneal tunnel. Wound construction plays a major role in MSICS and forms the backbone on which the successful completion of subsequent steps of capsulorrhexis, hydroprocedure and nucleus delivery depend on. The considerable handling inside the anterior chamber during nucleus delivery increase the chances of iris injury, striate keratitis, and posterior capsular rupture. Proper understanding of the various steps involved in the successful completion of MSICS can go a long way in preventing iatrogenic complications and achieving good visual outcomes.