A new weak Galerkin (WG) finite element method for solving the biharmonic equation in two or three dimensional spaces by using polynomials of reduced order is introduced and analyzed. The WG method is on the use of weak functions and their weak derivatives defined as distributions. Weak functions and weak derivatives can be approximated by polynomials with various degrees. Different combination of polynomial spaces leads to different WG finite element methods, which makes WG methods highly flexible and efficient in practical computation. This paper explores the possibility of optimal combination of polynomial spaces that minimize the number of unknowns in the numerical scheme, yet without compromising the accuracy of the numerical approximation. Error estimates of optimal order are established for the corresponding WG approximations in both a discrete H 2 norm and the standard L 2 norm. In addition, the paper also presents some numerical experiments to demonstrate the power of the WG method. The numerical results show a great promise of the robustness, reliability, flexibility and accuracy of the WG method.

Through the modification of the surface and bulk electronic structures of Ru, the developed Ru-based catalyst presents superior electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution activities with great durability over a wide pH range.

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