Objective: To evaluate the effects of fixed orthodontic treatment with steel-ligated conventional brackets and self-ligating brackets on halitosis and periodontal health. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients, at the permanent dentition stage aged 12 to 18 years, who had Angle Class I malocclusion with mild-to-moderate crowding were randomly selected. Inclusion criteria were nonsmokers, without systematic disease, and no use of antibiotics and oral mouth rinses during the 2-month period before the study. The patients were subdivided into three groups randomly: the group treated with conventional brackets (group 1, n 5 20) ligated with steel ligature wires, the group treated with self-ligating brackets (group 2, n 5 20), and the control group (group 3, n 5 20). The periodontal records were obtained 1 week before bonding (T1), immediately before bonding (T2), 1 week after bonding (T3), 4 weeks after bonding (T4), and 8 weeks after bonding (T5). Measurements of the control group were repeated within the same periods. The volatile sulfur components determining halitosis were measured with the Halimeter at T2, T3, T4, and T5. A twoway repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the groups statistically. Results: No statistically significant group 3 time interactions were found for plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and halitosis, which means three independent groups change like each other by time. The risk of tongue coating index (TCI) being 2 was 10.2 times higher at T1 than at T5 (P , .001). Therefore, the probability of higher TCI was decreased by time in all groups. Conclusions: The self-ligating brackets do not have an advantage over conventional brackets with respect to periodontal status and halitosis. (Angle Orthod. 2015;85:468-473.)

Anorganic bovine bone mineral (ABBM) is extensively used in the treatment of intra-bony defects. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a new-generation platelet concentrate with a simplified technique. Although certain studies have reported the use of PRF in the treatment of intra-bony defects, to date, none of them have evaluated its additive effects with ABBM. Therefore, a randomised, split-mouth clinical trial was conducted to compare healing of intra-bony defects treated with an ABBM-PRF combination with healing of those treated with ABBM alone. By using a split-mouth design, 15 paired intra-bony defects were randomly treated with either ABBM alone (control group) or ABBM-PRF combination (test group). Following clinical parameters and radiographical measurements were recorded at baseline and 6 months after treatment: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment level (CAL), vertical bone loss, depth of defect and defect angle. Preoperative clinical and radiographical measurements were similar for the test and control groups. Statistically significant reductions in GI, PD, CAL, vertical bone loss, depth of intra-bony defect and widening of defect angle were detected after treatment in both groups. With respect to inter-group analysis, gain in CAL was significantly greater in the test group than in the control group, whereas no inter-group differences were observed in any other parameter. The results of this study indicate that both therapies are effective in the treatment of intra-bony defects.

Miller's class I gingival recessions (GR) have been treated using coronally advanced flap (CAF) with platelet-rich fibrin membrane (PRF membrane) or connective tissue graft (CTG).Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different multiple layers of PRF membranes for the treatment of GR compared with the CTG procedure.Material and Methods:Sixty-three Miller class I GR were treated in this study. Twenty-one GR selected randomly were treated with two layers of PRF membranes+CAF in 2PRF+CAF (test group-1), four layers of PRF membranes+CAF in 4PRF+CAF (test group-2), and CTG+CAF in the control group. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), keratinized tissue thickness (KTT), clinical attachment level (CAL), recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), and keratinized tissue height (KTH) measurements were performed at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. The post-operative discomfort of patients, assessed with the visual analog scale (VAS) and healing index (HI), was recorded after surgery.Results:PI, GI, and PD scores were similar for all patients at all times. RD and RW scores were similar for each patient at 1 month, but these values were significantly increased in the subsequent periods in test group-1. The increase in KTT was significantly higher in the control group compared with the test groups. Similar root coverage scores were obtained in the test group-2 and control groups, and these scores were significantly higher compared with test group-1.Conclusions:The PRF membrane+CAF technique may be an alternative to the CTG+CAF technique for postoperative patient comfort. However, PRF membranes should use as many layers as possible.

ÖZETAMAÇ: Çalışmanın amacı, ligatür teli ile bağlanan geleneksel braket sisteminin kullanıldığı sabit ortodontik tedavilerin ağız kokusu ve periodontal dokular üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirilmesidir. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Daimi dişlenme dönemindeki sabit ortodontik tedavi ihtiyacı olan, kronolojik yaşları 12-18 arasında değişen 35 birey çalışmaya dahil edildi. Geleneksel braket sistemi (GB; n=20) ile tedavi edilenler Grup 1'i, tedavi edilmeyen ve kontrol grubunu oluşturanlar ise Grup 2'yi oluş-turdu (n=15). Hastaların gruplara dağılımları rastgele olarak yapıldı. Her grupta ağız kokusu ölçümü, plak indeks, cep derinliği, gingival indeks, sondlamada kanama indeksi ve dil üzeri eklenti skorları ölçümleri yapıldı. Tedavi grubunda ölçümler, braketleme yapılmadan hemen önce (T1), alt-üst çene braketleme yapılmasından bir hafta sonra (T2) ve braketlemeden dört hafta sonra (T3) yapıldı. Aynı dönemlerde kontrol grubunun ölçümleri de tekrarlandı. Ağız kokusunu belirleyen volatil sülfür komponentleri Halimeter cihazı yardımıyla ölçüldü.BULGULAR: Braketlemeden bir hafta sonra (T2-T1), GB grubunda plak indeksi, cep derinliği ve sondlamada kanama indekslerindeki artış, kontrol grubuna göre önemli dü-zeyde farklı bulundu (p<0.05). Her iki grupta da gingival indeks ve dil üzeri eklenti skorlarında önemli farklılık bulunmadı. Braketlemeden bir ay sonra ise (T3-T1), GB grubunda plak indeksi, cep derinliği ve gingival indeksteki artışın kontrol grubuna göre farklı olduğu tespit edildi (p<0.05). Kontrol grubunda tüm değerlendirme zamanlarında ağız kokusunda önemli olmayan düzeyde artış olduğu saptandı. GB grubunda ise birinci haftada önemli olmayan düzeyde artış, bir ay sonra ise önemli olmayan düzeyde azalma bulundu. [Abstract in English is at the end of the manuscript] GİRİŞKötü ağız kokusunu ifade eden halitozis, fizyolojik ve/veya patolojik nedenlere bağlı olarak gelişebilmekte-dir.1 Fizyolojik halitozis; alınan yiyecekler veya alkol tü-ketimi, sigara kullanımı gibi alışkanlıklarla ortaya çıkmakta olup geçicidir.1,2 Patolojik halitozis ise kulak burun boğaz hastalıkları (kronik sinüzit, tonsilit), gastrointestinal sistem hastalıkları (gastroözefagal reflü, malabsorbsiyon sendromları, gastrik karsinomalar ve bazı enterik enfeksiyonlar) veya bazı sistemik hastalıklar (diabetus mellitus, akut romatizmal ateş) gibi ağız dışı etkenlere bağlı olarak gelişebileceği gibi, daha sıklıkla dişlerde, periodontal ceplerde, tükrükte ve dil sırtında bulunan anaerob mikroorganizmalar gibi ağız içi etkenlerle oluşabilmektedir. 1,[3][4][5] Epitel döküntüleri, azalmış tükrük, periodontitis, gingivitis, dil dorsumunda ve interdental bölgedeki plak tabakası, yiyecek artıkları, dişeti oluğu sıvısı, postnazal akıntı ve kandaki sülfür içeren aminoasit ve peptidlerin, ağız içinde bulunan anaerob mikroorganizmalar tarafın-dan proteolitik yıkımı ile açığa çıkan hidrojen sülfit, metil merkaptan ve dimetil süfitten oluşan volatil sülfür bileşenlerinin (VSB) ağız kokusunun oluşumunda etkili olduğu bildirilmektedir.3,6,7 VSB miktarının, periodontal ceplerin s...