Biopolymers and their composites have been massively investigated in recent years for multiple applications especially in environmental medical and pharmaceutical fields. A thermoplastic that is both biodegradable and environmental friendly, as well as biocompatible is PHB. PHB is an intracellular granule, which is a carbon and energy reservoir for the bacteria under starvation or stress conditions. In the present work, we focused on identification of potential PHB (Polyhydroxybutyrate) producing bacterial strains from sewage soil of coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. Five bacterial isolates were identified through Sudan Black staining, out of which RR02 was observed to be potential for PHB production. Further, PHB extraction was performed by solvent extraction method. The extracted sample was characterized by FTIR, melting temperature Tm, was determined by DSC and then, compared with standard PHB for confirmation of quality. Biochemical characterization was also performed for preliminary identification of the bacterial isolate. Based on the study it was found to be Bacillus sp.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers have been found in a variety of ecological niche’s that are naturally or unintentionally exposed to high organic matter or growth limiting substances such as dairy wastes, hydrocarbon contaminated sites, pulp and paper mill wastes, agricultural wastes, activated sludges of treatment plants, rhizosphere, and industrial effluents. Few of them also create extracellular byproducts such as rhamnolipids, extracellular polymeric compounds, and biohydrogen gas. These microbes can use waste materials of various origin as substrates while producing valuable bioproducts such as PHB. As a result, these microbes are industrially important candidates for production; Implementation of an integrated system to separate their by-products (intracellular and extracellular) could be an economical method. In this study, we reviewed several microorganisms that live in diverse environmental situations and are stimulated to collect carbon as polyhydroxyalkanoates granules, as well as variables that influence their production and composition. Ultimately, the current cost of bioplastic manufacture from stored PHA granules can be decreased by investigating capabilities such as dual generation of microorganisms and utilization of wastes as renewable substrate under optimal growth conditions in either a batch or continuous process.

Amylases are the digestive enzymes belong to the family of glycoside hydrolase capable of hydrolysing starch and polysaccharides. These are the recent breakthroughs in food, feed, pulp and pharma industries. Our aim of this study is to purify amylases from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium and optimize the growth conditions to achieve the cost-effective production of amylases from bacillus species. Extensive research on amylases from different sources is essential in producing enzymes in large scale and in optimizing the growth conditions and minimize the production cost to meet the increased demand of these industrially important enzymes. Amylases were produced in the current study using submerged fermentation and purified the extracellular enzymes from bacillus species using ultracentrifugation, Ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. There was no effect on amylase production from bacillus species when the initial substrate concentration is increased from 1% to 5%. Increase in inoculum size from 1% to 5% and the addition of yeast extract to broth had significantly increased the amylase production. The study observed significantly higher levels of amylase production using rice starch when compared with wheat starch also higher levels of amylase production observed with B. megaterium when compared with B. subtilis. The study concludes 1% rice starch and 5% B. megaterium inoculum can be used for cost effective production of amylases. In the current study, cost effective amylase production was evaluated and able to optimize the yield of extracellular amylases from Bacillus megaterium to a concentration level of 120 IU/ml of fermentation broth.

The increasing importance of the non-degradable plastics has emerged as one of the major concerns. For this, research is being ventured from the existing reserve to produce bioplastics on the basis of biodegradability properties. Polyhydroxybutyrate, a thermoplastic that is biodegradable as well as environmental friendly, is one such example. Present study identifies potential bacteria strains producing Polyhydroxybutyrate from sewage soil sample collected from Tenali, Guntur District. AR15, one of the derivatives from the ten bacterial isolates recognized through Sudan Black staining, was perceived to be a potential PHB producer. A preliminary identification of the isolate was achieved through biochemical characterization and was found to be Bacillus sp. Biopolymer obtained from the isolate was characterized by FTIR and TGA. Further the biopolymer compared with standard and was seen to be Polyhydroxybutyrate.

Any substance which prevents blood from clotting or prolongs the clotting time is called an anticoagulant. Some of them are isolated from natural sources like heparin, hirudin, anti-thrombin, urokinase, and streptokinase and some are synthetic e.g., Warfarin, acenocoumarol, brodifacoum. Several proteins with anticoagulant properties isolated from natural sources are currently employed in treating thrombotic disorders. Heparin and Warfarin are the two most widely used natural and synthetic anticoagulant drugs respectively, for the treatment of thrombotic disorders like deep vein thrombosis, acute myocardial infarction, thromboembolism, prevention of systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. This review article focuses on currently available and newer classes of natural and synthetic anticoagulants, their mechanism of action, and therapeutic potential. Pubmed databases was used for articles selection, papers on natural and synthetic anticoagulants were obtained and reviewed. This review article helps in better understanding the underlying pathways of currently available natural and synthetic anticoagulants and will be useful in designing/discovering new classes of drugs.