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Background: Disturbance of balance and falls are commonly observed in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the postural balance in patients with MS by using clinical and instrumental methods and to specify the most direction of balance instability among MS patients using Biodex stability system (BSS). Methods: Fifty ambulatory individuals with MS [42 relapsing-remitting (RRMS) and 8 secondary progressive (SPMS)] were evaluated for balance using quantitative Berg balance scale (BBS) and BSS. Twenty healthy volunteers were selected as a control group. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the patient and control groups assessed by BBS. Moreover, patients with SPMS had worse postural balance when compared with RRMS. According to BSS, MS group showed more sway in the three limits of stability (mediolateral, antroposterior, and overall) when compared to the control group. The least stability level was observed in mediolateral direction in the patient group. The degree of tilt was higher in SPMS than RRMS as regard the three limits of stability. The BBS was significantly negatively correlated with age, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), duration of illness, and the Biodex tilt. Also, there were positive significant correlation between age, EDSS score, and the duration of illness of the disease with parameters of BSS (mediolateral, antroposterior, and overall). Conclusion: BSS was significantly correlated with clinical balance measurement scale using BBS in MS patients. Moreover, BSS can provide more objective, quantitative measures of postural imbalance.

Introduction:Clinical success of ceramic repair system is dependent on integrity of bond between metal, ceramic and resin composite. Aim: Evaluate shear bond strength (SBS) of composite repair material to ceramo-metalic and zirconium restorations using new adhesive system after thermocycling. Materials and methods: 28 square specimens of metal, zirconia, veneering porcelain for metal (VMK95) and veneering porcelain for zirconia (VM9) were prepared (1 x 1 x 0.5 cm) and divided into 4 groups: 1)metal (M) group , 2)zirconia (Z) group , 3)veneering porcelain for metal (VPM) group, 4)veneering porcelain for zirconia(VPZ) group). Then M and Z groups were sandblasted while VPM and VPZ groups were subjected to HF acid. Single bond universal adhesive were applied to exposed surface of all groups then repair composite material was built up incrementally over center of exposed surface using cylindrical teflon mold (3 x 5 mm), stored for 7 days in distilled water followed by 1000 thermocycles then SBS was tested. Results: Highest SBS value between composite repair material and M group followed by Z group and composite repair material then VPM group and composite repair material then VPZ group and composite repair material. Conclusions: Sandblasting and application of single bond universal adhesive containing MDP can be recommended for repair metal and zirconium surfaces with composite material. HF acid etching and application of single bond universal adhesive containing MDP can be recommended for repair VPM and VPZ with composite repair material.

Introduction: Demineralization denotes the dissolution of the calcium and phosphate ions from the hydroxyl-apatite/tooth structure into the plaque and saliva caused by the acidic attack. White spot lesions start at the outermost layer of the teeth, damaging the dental hard tissues through the loss of mineral ions from the hydroxyapatite lattice at the surface. An ideal remineralizing agent should mimic the organization and micro-architecture of natural tooth structure mineral crystals to the greatest extent possible. Aim: Study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of two remineralizing agents on remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions. Furthermore, the impact of both remineralizing agents and one infiltrating resin material on the color of demineralized enamel and their ability to mask white spot lesions was investigated. Subjects and Methods: 50 intact, freshly extracted permanent human anterior central incisors (extracted from diabetic patients) were selected and stored in distilled water at room temperature (22 0 C). Selected teeth were classified into two main groups (Control and Demineralized) according to the type of treatment. Results: Significant differences resulted between treatments for ΔE at p<0.001. Demineralized enamel showed the highest significant color change values (6.03±0.4). All treatments of demineralized enamel significantly restored the tooth color. Conclusion: Curodont Repair and MI Paste Plus can fill up defects and micropores on demineralized tooth structure, significantly restoring the tooth color.