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OBJECTIVE. The major risk of transcatheter embolotherapy for acute hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract is irreversible intestinal ischemia. The authors studied the efficacy and safety of superselective transcatheter embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles in arresting acute hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. All patients with clinical or scintigraphic evidence of acute hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract were considered for superselective embolization. The nine patients with angiograms that showed active hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract underwent the procedure. Superselective embolization was done through a 3-French catheter and was accomplished by using 100-to 59O-m polyvinyl alcohol particles. The segments of the intestinal tracts involved in the embolizations were examined for the presence of ischemia by endoscopy (n = 7) or histologic evaluation of a surgical specimen (n = 2) 2-44 days (mean, 1 1 days) after embolization or by clinical evaluation (n = 1). RESULTS. The lesions treated by this method were located in the colon (n = 8) and jejunum (n = 1). Immediate hemostasis was achieved in every case. Three patients had recurrent lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage 1-24 days (mean, 9 days) after initial

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Anti microbial drug resistance concerns scientists all around the world epically one used as livestock feed additives. Feed grade antibiotics are given in non therapeutic doses which lead to survival of pathogenic microbes which in turn develop drug resistance, thus necessitating researchers to search for alternative ways to feed grade antibiotics besides doing least compromise on growth parameters. Organic acids are used in poultry to lower the pH of intestinal tract which favours good microbes which in turn suppress pathogenic microbes thus evicting the use of antibiotics. They are used in poultry diets and drinking water to elicit a positive growth response, improving nutrient digestibility, performance and immunity in poultry. Literature shows that organic acids have more or less pronounced antimicrobial activity, depending on both the concentration of the acid and the bacterial species that is exposed to the acid. The variability in response of organic acids and its possible mechanisms are discussed. Scope of this paper is to provide a view of the use of organic acids in the prevention of enteric disease in poultry, the effect on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), immunity and performance of broiler or laying hens. In the current review beneficial aspects of organic acids along with different dose combinations are discussed to promote its optimum utilization in poultry nutrition and production.

A 48 year old male was admitted with pulmonary emboli. Subsequent investigation revealed the most probable source to be a left sided popliteal venous aneurysm. A second venogram performed shortly after the first did indeed reveal thrombus originating in the aneurysm and propagating up the superficial femoral vein. Popliteal venous aneurysm is an extremely rare entity, which heretofore has been described only in female patients.