Background:Toothbrushes in regular use can become heavily contaminated with microorganisms, which can cause infection or reinfection. There is a need for toothbrush disinfection methods, which are rapidly effective, cost-effective, nontoxic, and that can be easily implemented.Aim:To compare the efficacy of 3% neem, garlic of concentration 4.15 mg/mL and green tea of concentration 40 mg/mL with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash as toothbrush disinfectants.Materials and Methods:The study was a parallel in vitro comparative experimental trial conducted among 75 randomly selected boys aged between 18 years and 21 years. The subjects were divided into five groups, namely, Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V. They were provided with a new set of precoded toothbrushes and nonfluoridated tooth pastes. After 14 days of tooth brushing, the toothbrushes were immersed in antimicrobial solution for 12 h [Group I––distilled water (control), Group II––3% neem, Group III––garlic of concentration 4.15 mg/mL, Group IV––green tea of concentration 40 mg/mL, and Group V––0.2% chlorhexidine] and then subjected to microbial analysis to check the presence of Streptococcus mutans. The t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16.Results:All test solutions showed a statistically significant reduction of Streptococcus mutans count (P < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between the efficacies of neem, garlic, and green tea when compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (P > 0.05).Conclusion:Neem, garlic, and green tea are equally efficacious as chlorhexidine and these herbal products can be used as potent alternatives to chlorhexidine as disinfectant for toothbrushes.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial reproductive healthcare problem affecting 4-12% of women and a leading cause of female infertility worldwide. The potential genetic contributors of PCOS are unclear. However, over the past decade emerging evidence has shown that increased Oxidative Stress (OS) and decreased antioxidant status were often linked with PCOS. The present case-control study was aimed to assess the reactive oxygen species induced OS in women from South India. A total of 164 individuals comprising of 89 patients and 75 controls were enrolled in the present study. For all the subjects, the frequency of micronucleated cells (MNC) in epithelial samples and serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were estimated to assess genomic instability and cytotoxicity respectively. A statistically significant difference between the groups were identified with respect to Body Mass Index, Waist to Hip Ratio, luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels (< 0.05), however the mean follicle stimulating hormone was not different between the groups (p = 0.055). The frequency of MN cells (5.89 ± 4.86 vs. 2.24 ± 2.01) and mean serum MDA (360.84 ± 87.08 vs. 301.70 ± 82.82) levels were considerably higher in patients than controls (p = < 0.0001), furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between MNC and MDA levels in patients (r = 0.349, p = 0.0008) and not in controls (r = 0.104, p = 0.37), suggest high OS in PCOS women. Therefore, MN assay and serum MDA levels may serve together or individually as biomarkers of OS in PCOS women.

Cefepime monotherapy and CS + A had similar efficacy as first-line therapy for FN. Discontinuation of empirical antibiotics is safe and feasible approach in selected group of FUO patients.

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Solanum erianthum D. Don is an unarmed shrub or small tree with dense indumentums of soft stellate hairs. Leaves are simple, ovate-elliptical; margin entire or slight wavy, base rounded to cuneate, and apex acute to acuminate. The leaves have been extensively used for leucorrhoea, piles, hemorrhoids, scrofula, headache, vertigo, digestive troubles and for wound healing purposes. Wistar albino rats of either sex weighing between 200 and 220g were topically treated with extract formulated in gel (10% and 20%) which was applied once daily in excision and incision wound model. Rats of standard groups were treated with 5% w/w Povidone-Iodine ointment topically. The percentage of wound contraction was increased, epithelization period was decreased and wound breaking strength was increased with topical application of AESE (Alcoholic Extract of Solanum erianthum) gel in excision and incision wound model. The experimental data revealed that the AESE displayed remarkable wound healing activity thus supports its traditional use.