No abstract

No abstract

In this paper a cold pipe continuous wax remover and slurry making device is described for use in long distance subsea tie back applications using single bare flow lines (Cold Flow). The basic principle of the Cold Flow solution is to eliminate the temperature differential between the production fluids and the walls of the flow line, thus eliminating the deposition of wax on the flow line walls. This is accomplished by cooling the fluids to ambient temperature and precipitating solid waxes in a controlled section of the pipeline (Treatment Loop) before entering the flow line. To increase the efficiency of cooling, and hence reduce the length of the treatment loop, wax deposits that form on the walls of the loop are constantly removed by using a continuously circulating unique mechanical device (WaxEater). The WaxEater consists of a train of circular discs, each having a diameter that leaves a small clearance within the inside diameter of the Treatment Loop. The WaxEater continuously circulates in the specially designed Treatment Loop, propelled by the produced fluids, and sweeps the wax deposits off the inner wall of the loop. The concept was successfully tested in an 800-ft fl loop. Several test runs were performed using waxy Gulf of Mexico (GoM) crude oils, with and without the WaxEater. This paper presents the results of these tests.

Egyptian oil shale from Red Sea area is upgraded via oil agglomeration technique to achieve a clean fuel. A representative sample is characterized to identify its undesirable components and its liberation size. The quartz, apatite, calcite, siderite and anhydrite are the main gangue minerals. The sample was pulverized to less than 20 µm for efficient liberation. The impact of anionic (Calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, CDBS) or/and cationic (Cetrimonium bromide, CTAB) surfactants on the zeta-potential and agglomeration process was investigated in presence of different kerosene concentrations. A concentrate of 62% kerogen with 95% recovery was obtained from feed of 29% kerogen using 0.1% CTAB/CDBS mixture in 2% kerosene emulsion.