Communications have become the most essential and quite an easy as well as fast because of technology advancement. Developing states are also getting the same blessings of computer networks and internet like the developed nations of the world. Besides, such the blessings and curses take place on account of communications in the modern technology. Cyberspace - is the medium of communication on computer networking that is not safe. Criminals use such the technology to commit crimes on cyberspace. Meanwhile the sensitive data and information are hacked to injure the person, organization, society or even a state. These (cybercrimes) and criminal may be prevented by making the sufficient laws in a country. The principle aim of this study is to discuss the cybercrimes and examine the cyber laws in Pakistan. For this purpose, there are three parts of this paper. The first part addresses the cyber-crimes explicitly in Pakistan. The second part is dedicated to the legal framework of cyber laws in the country. While the last but not least part talks about the cyber security strategy of Pakistan.

Islam propounds a culture where everybody follows the rules. Islam aims to preserve peace and tranquillity within the society and thus takes all required legal action to ensure the community against disruptive elements. The notion of retribution in Islam is not the primary law of Islam. They are only imposed as a requirement or series and a vindication of the primary structure of Islamic society. Criminal activity within the revered Islamic order of society is not condoned. Islam aims to change the world by changing its human adherents. Shariah law is focused on the individual rights of persons, but those rights only exist within a framework that stresses the rights of other people. Islam is not against the relative culpability of offenders and how circumstances regulate illegal conduct. Islam is the only religion where its laws and regulations are enforced according to a particular set of laws and regulations. Islam uses a system of proportional punishment. Islamic punishments are entirely justified because Islam takes complete steps to deter crime and inculcates offenders' moral conduct. The Islamic Criminal law has accepted several crimes by offering deterrence, reformative, retaliate and other kinds of punishments to uphold harmony in the community and rehabilitate the offenders. This paper focuses on the Islamic penology and the concept of crime and their punishment and explores its social, historical, and current value

A series of xanthan gum/titanium dioxide-based polyurethane elastomers were synthesized through the prepolymer method by the step growth polymerization. In the present work, xanthan gum was used as a bioactive material, with TiO2 as a nanofiller. The structural characterization of newly prepared polyurethane samples was carried out with the help of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric Analysis gave us the information about the thermal stability. Differential Scanning Calorimetry directs the thermal changes in the polyurethane samples. The Atomic Force Microscopy technique revealed that the degree of micro-phase separation increases by augmenting the % age of TiO2, which was further confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction results. XRD confirmed the crystallinity of the final sample at about 2θ = 20°. Antimicrobial activity determined through the Disc Diffusion Method, and the results indicated that the synthesized polyurethane have antimicrobial activity. The water absorption capability of the polyurethane samples showed that these polymer samples are hydrophilic in nature.

The Constitution of Pakistan 1973 protects its citizens by guaranteeing some fundamental rights. It is, however, a matter of great concern that these rights do not cover the "right to access the necessities of life like access to clean water, food, clothing, shelter, and medicine etc". It, thus, leads imperfection of the constitutional rights. Therefore, this study aims to highlight this gap by evaluating the constitutional fundamental rights in the light of the necessities of life. This study concludes that lack of access to the necessities of life has made the people least concern towards the national issues and development of the country. Hence, this paper recommends filling up this gap and to incorporate the "right to access to the necessities of life" in the Constitution 1973.

Digital evidence is much important in current modern world due to its diversity, accuracy and complexity. The world is agreed upon the point of admissibility of digital evidence, as enlightened from the domestic and international legislations, from one hand, the laws are presuming the digital evidence as admissible piece of evidence, on the other hand they directed every authority, not to negate the admissibility of digital evidence, merely on the ground that it is not in the form that is substantive and tangible in nature. In this context, this paper analyses the admissibility of digital evidence from the perspective of Pakistani law. It discusses the historical background, legislation on the subject and its presentation before the Court at the national level. The research methodology used in this paper is analytical. Relevant laws on digital evidence are analysed.