Background: Present work reports the formulation design and optimization of minoxidil loaded glycerosomes for topical application. The delivery system enhances the vesicular properties of vesicles by modifying the fluidity of lipid bilayer. The major component of formulation consists of phospholipid, glycerol, and cholesterol. Methodology: Glycerosomes were prepared by using lipid film hydration method. Prepared formulations were optimized using Box behnken 32 full factorial experimental designs. Two independent variables were selected which were Sonication time (X1), and Glycerol Concentration (X2) and with respect to these two dependent variables were selected which were % cumulative drug release after eight hours (Y1), and Entrapment efficiency (Y2). Nine formulations of (G1-G9) were prepared based on factorial design for optimization. Result and Discussion: Prepared formulations were evaluated in terms of surface analysis, charge distribution, encapsulation efficiency, in-vitro diffusion studies, stability testing and release kinetics. The fabricated glycerosomes found to possess entrapment efficiency in the range of 70.29±0.75 to 87.91±0.23%, cumulative drug release: 73.12 to 89.39%; a shelf life of 356 days at 4± 1°C and show higuchi release kinetics, fickian diffusion. Conclusion: As glycerol present in formulation in high quantity, this is itself used as humectant, emollient and penetration enhancer. So this formulation is best suitable for topical delivery of drugs.

Lipophillic drugs have low oral bioavailability. To enhance the oral bioavailability of the lipophillic drugs lipid matrices have been used for a long time. A third generation lipid matrix was introduced as Nanostructured lipid carrier(NLCs) which is a mixture of solid lipid mixed with some incompatible liquid lipids. NLC remains solid at room temperature or at body temperature. Due to its various advantages it also overcomes the problems of various lipid particulate carriers. It can be easily used as a carrier for drug which is given orally. Also used for a large scale production of drugs. It is a promising delivery which can be used in future for pharmaceutical market.

In the present study, Glipizide-loaded Niosomes were formulated and evaluated for their in vitro characteristics to improve the oral bioavailability of the drug. Formulation of Niosomes was optimized for highest percentage of drug entrapment. Microscopic observation confirmed that all particles werenano sized. The in vitro release studies of drug from Niosomes exhibited a prolonged drug release as observed overa period of 24 h. The negative value of zeta potential indicated that the Glipizide Niosomes were stabilized by electrostatic repulsive forces. Results from stability study have shown that the drug leakage from the vesicleswas least at 4°C followed by room temperature. The Niosomes showing maximum entrapment and suitable release rate were selected for in vitroevaluation. In conclusion, the Niosomal formulation could be a promising delivery system for Glipizide with improved bioavailability and prolonged drug release profile.

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a Multi-carrier digital communication method being widely used in wireless applications.Nevertheless, it has some limitations such as the PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) which restricts its use. It reduces the efficiency of the system and increases complexity. This paper aims to explain the concepts of various PAPR reduction techniques. It also gives a comparison of the techniques with respect to different metrics.